期刊
DIABETES-METABOLISM RESEARCH AND REVIEWS
卷 31, 期 6, 页码 562-571出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2655
关键词
ALT isoenzymes; regulation; diabetes; gluconeogenesis
资金
- Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Obesity Research Center [NIH DK072488]
- Baltimore Diabetes Research and Training Center [NIH P60-DK-079637]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81100613]
BackgroundAlanine transaminase (ALT) plays an important role in gluconeogenesis by converting alanine into pyruvate for glucose production. Early studies have shown that ALT activities are upregulated in gluconeogenic conditions and may be implicated in the development of diabetes. ALT consists of two isoforms, ALT1 and ALT2, with distinctive subcellular and tissue distributions. Whether and how they are regulated are largely unknown. MethodsBy using Western blotting analysis, we measured hepatic ALT isoforms at the protein level in obese and diabetic animals and in Fao hepatoma cells treated with dexamethasone and insulin. In addition, we measured glucose output in Fao cells over-expressing ALT1 and ALT2. ResultsBoth ALT isoforms in the liver were increased in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats and during fasting. However, in ob/ob mice, only ALT2, but not ALT1, protein levels were elevated, and the increase of ALT2 was correlated with that of ALT activity. We further demonstrated that, in vitro, both ALT1 and ALT2 were induced by glucocorticoid dexamethasone, but suppressed by insulin in Fao cells. Finally, we showed that the over-expression of ALT1 and ALT2 in Fao cells directly increased glucose output. ConclusionsWe have shown the similarity and difference in the regulation of ALT isoforms in gluconeogenic conditions at the protein level, supporting that ALT isoenzymes play an important role in glucose metabolism and may be implicated the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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