New insights into the in vitro development and virulence of Culicinomyces spp. as fungal pathogens of Aedes aegypti

Culicinomyces spp. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) are facultative fungal pathogens affecting the larval stages from a range of mosquito species and are especially notable in their ability to infect hosts through the digestive tract after conidial ingestion. While Culicinomyces spp. were studied mainly in the 1980s, little is yet known about inter- and intraspecific variability of the in vitro development of these fungi at different temperatures, and nothing is known about the impact of serial host-passage on the development or virulence against Aedes aegypti larvae. The development of ten isolates of C. clavisporus (ARSEF 372, 582, 644, 706, 964, 1260, 2471, 2478, 2479 and 2480) and one of C. bisporalis (ARSEF 1948) was assessed on solid SDAY/4 and liquid SDY/4 at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C. Based on the results of these assays, three isolates were selected (ARSEF 644, 964 and 2479) for three serial host-passage/reisolation cycles, and comparison of the reisolates with the original stock isolates for their virulence, vegetative growth and conidiogenesis. The highest germination rates (>= 95%) after 48 h incubation were obtained at 25 and 20 degrees C, and the lowest germination (<= 12%) at 35 degrees C after the same time. The optimal temperature for radial growth was 25 degrees C (>= 11.8 mm), followed by 20 degrees C for all isolates. ARSEF 706, 582 and 372 showed the greatest vegetative growth (>= 20 mm). In general, there was little radial growth of colonies at 30 degrees C (<= 2.5 mm), and none at 35 degrees C. Isolates, especially ARSEF 964, 2479, and 644, generally produced the highest numbers of conidia at 25 degrees C (>= 1.42 x 10(5) conidia/plate) after 15 days. After two host-passages, conidiogenesis increased significantly on SDAY/4 for ARSEF 2479 but not for ARSEF 644 or 964. All larvae exposed to these three isolates of C. clavisporus died within 7 days regardless of the concentration or host-passage; C. bisporalis was not tested in these experiments. The virulence of ARSEF 964 increased at lower concentrations (10(6)-3 x 10(5) conidia/ml) after the first host-passage.