A sufficient stochastic framework for optimal operation of micro-grids considering high penetration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles

This paper investigates the optimal operation and management of micro-grids (MGs) considering the high penetration of different types of renewable energy sources (RESs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Optimal operation of MG is a precious and economic strategy for improving the situation of MG from different aspects such as reducing power losses and total costs, improving the reliability and enhancing the voltage level of buses. In order to achieve these goals, a new formulation is proposed to model the stochastic and volatile behaviors of RESs as well as PEVs. Also, the idea of vehicle-2-grid (V2G) is employed to provide a bi-directional power exchange (either charging/discharging) between PEV and the main grid during the parking hours. In order to model the uncertainties of the problem, a new sufficient stochastic optimization framework based on unscented transform (UT) and hill herd algorithm (KH) is proposed too. The feasibility and performance of the proposed method are examined on a typical grid-connected MG considering different types of RESs including Photovoltaics (PVs), Fuel Cell (FC), Micro Turbine (MT) and Wind Turbine (WT).