Development of high-performance supercapacitor electrode derived from sugar industry spent wash waste

This study aims at developing supercapacitor materials from sugar and distillery industry wastes, thereby mediating waste disposal problem through reuse. In a two-step process, biomethanated spent wash (BMSW) was acid treated to produce solid waste sludge and waste water with significantly reduced total organic carbon (TOC) and biological oxygen demand (BOO) content. Further, waste sludge was directly calcined in presence of activating agent ZnCl2 in inert atmosphere resulting in high surface area (730-900 m(2) g(-1)) carbon of unique hexagonal morphology. Present technique resulted in achieving two faceted target of liquid-solid waste remediation and production of high-performance carbon material. The resulted high surface area carbon was tested in both three and two electrode systems. Electrochemical tests viz. cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and impedance measurement were carried out in aqueous KOH electrolyte yielding specific capacitance as high as 120 F g(-1), whereas all solid supercapacitor devised using PVA/H3PO4 polyelectrolyte showed stable capacitance of 105 F g(-1) at 0.2 A g(-1). The presence of transition metal particles and hetero-atoms on carbon surface were confirmed by XPS, EDX and TEM analysis which enhanced the conductivity and imparted pseudocapacitance to some extent into the working electrode. The present study successfully demonstrated production of high-performance electrode material from dirtiest wastewater making process green, sustainable and economically viable. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.