Review
Cell Biology
Brittany Cain, Brian Gebelein
Summary: Metazoans express multiple Hox transcription factors to specify cell fate along the anterior-posterior axis. Understanding how Hox factors regulate target genes for morphogenesis poses challenges on distinguishing their roles in activating/repressing genes for distinct segment identities and impacting organ development in a cell type-specific manner. Recent studies suggest Hox factors modify gene chromatin and utilize interactions with co-activators and co-repressors for accurate transcriptional outcomes.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Alexander G. Shtukenberg, Juan Manuel Garcia-Ruiz, Bart Kahr
Summary: Ripening, or recrystallization, is a common process that shifts the size distribution of crystals towards larger ones, with Ostwald ripening being the most well-known mechanism. Other mechanisms, both thermodynamic and kinetic, can also play a role in crystal size distribution shift.
CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maryam Khanjani, David J. Westenberg, Aditya Kumar, Hongyan Ma
Summary: This study investigates how bacterial activity, solution chemistry, and precipitation kinetics influence the polymorphism and morphology of microbially precipitated calcium carbonate induced by Sporosarcina pasteurii. The results show that in the presence of sufficient calcium ions and urea, vaterite formation is favored. Morphological observations reveal important information on particle microstructure, with calcite evolving from single crystal to polycrystalline structures and vaterite evolving from spherical to oval-shaped structures. Specific functional groups exert control on the morphology of CaCO3 polymorphs, with calcite being more sensitive to these groups compared to vaterite.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Garfield T. Kwan, Martin Tresguerres
Summary: Splitnose rockfish exposed to high levels of carbon dioxide can regulate the pH of both blood and endolymph, but with different pH setpoints. The higher pH setpoint in the endolymph leads to increased pCO2 diffusion and higher concentrations of bicarbonate ions, which promotes otolith overgrowth. The results suggest that species with stronger pH regulatory mechanisms will experience more pronounced otolith overgrowth in response to ocean acidification.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Editorial Material
Clinical Neurology
Jennifer Z. Cheng, Gemma L. Carvill
Summary: This scientific commentary discusses the common molecular mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders mediated by SLC6A1 variants in astrocytes and neurons, as studied by Mermer et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Radda Rusinova, Changhao He, Olaf S. Andersen
Summary: This study suggests that drugs can regulate membrane protein function by altering bilayer properties, involving both direct interactions with the protein and subtle mechanisms through changes in bilayer properties that impact protein conformation. Drug-induced regulation of membrane protein function involves a complex interplay of mechanisms, including both direct binding and bilayer-mediated effects.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Liliana Lamig, Sebastian Moreno, Jose M. Alvarez, Rodrigo A. Gutierrez
Summary: This minireview discusses the molecular mechanisms of how plants adapt to nitrate conditions and emphasizes the relationship between components of the nitrate signaling pathway and plant metabolic and developmental responses. Further research is needed to identify missing components of the pathway and validate their molecular interactions to explain the complexity of phenotypical responses to nitrate.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yihan Yu, Dandan Tian, Yu Han, Lin Huang, Yu Tang, Weixia Zhang, Weishang Zhou, Wei Shi, Yingying Yu, Guangxu Liu
Summary: This study assessed the effects of microplastics (MPs) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on shell formation in the thick-shell mussel (Mytilus coruscus). The results showed that CBZ and/or MPs significantly arrested shell regeneration and suppressed physiological and molecular parameters. Synergistic impacts between CBZ and MPs were observed. These findings suggest that these pollutants may have far-reaching impacts on the health of marine calcifiers.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Patryk Mach, Andrzej Odrzywolek
Summary: This study examines the accretion of dark matter onto a moving Schwarzschild black hole, deriving a relationship between the accretion rate and the black hole velocity, with a monotonic relation found in high-temperature situations. The results are relevant for understanding the growth of primordial black holes in the early Universe.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Baris Alten, Natalie J. Guzikowski, Zack Zurawski, Heidi E. Hamm, Ege T. Kavalali
Summary: Inhibition of neurotransmitter release plays a fundamental role in neuromodulation, but the mechanisms underlying inhibition of spontaneous release are still unclear. This study investigates the inhibition of spontaneous glutamate and GABA release by GABA(B) receptors and reveals that the inhibition relies on G beta gamma subunit action at the membrane, with different mechanisms for glutamate and GABA release.
Article
Developmental Biology
Anna Yoney, Lu Bai, Ali H. Brivanlou, Eric D. Siggla
Summary: Embryogenesis is guided by a limited set of signaling pathways dynamically expressed in different places, and in vitro models of human embryos derived from hESCs allow for addressing developmental questions. WNT priming induces the expression of the SMAD2 co-factor EOMES, enabling activin-mediated ME differentiation, revealing the mechanistic basis for priming and cellular memory in early development.
Article
Developmental Biology
Anna Yoney, Lu Bai, Ali H. Brivanlou, Eric D. Siggia
Summary: Embryogenesis is guided by a limited set of signaling pathways that control the differentiation of embryonic cells to specific cell types. Recent research has found that WNT signaling primes cells for subsequent signaling responses by inducing the expression of the SMAD2 co-factor EOMES, which is sufficient to replace WNT signaling in the differentiation process.
Article
Plant Sciences
Ot Pasques, Sergi Munne-Bosch
Summary: Ancient trees are longevity winners that mostly thrive in remote and harsh mountainous areas. This study identified the morphological and physiological traits that make these trees unique, highlighting the selective pressure on specific physiological traits that contribute to their extreme longevity.
Review
Plant Sciences
Zahra Iqbal, Anjuman Gul Memon, Ausaf Ahmad, Mohammed Shariq Iqbal
Summary: Exposure of plants to low temperatures adversely affects plant growth, development, and productivity. Calcium signaling plays a crucial role in the plant response to cold stress, activating Ca2+ channels and/or pumps and inducing Ca2+ signatures in plant cells. These Ca2+ signatures are decoded by specific Ca2+ sensors, leading to the regulation of transcription factors and downstream gene expression.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Feng Jiang, Chao Xue, Lijuan Zeng, Xiaofei Li, Xiaoyun Yi, Zhi Dang
Summary: This study proposes a method of seed-mediated growth of schwertmannite, which successfully shortens the biomineralization time and enhances the adsorption performance of schwertmannite towards As(V) and Cr(VI). Furthermore, the seed-mediated schwertmannite forms typical needle-like structures during growth, with more loosely arranged whiskers compared to ordinary schwertmannite samples.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Gerald Langer, Alison R. Taylor, Charlotte E. Walker, Erin M. Meyer, Oz Ben Joseph, Assaf Gal, Glenn M. Harper, Ian Probert, Colin Brownlee, Glen L. Wheeler
Summary: The development of coccolithophores' calcification had a significant impact on ocean carbon cycling. Holococcoliths and heterococcoliths are formed in different life cycle stages but share similar characteristics. Holococcoliths represent an ancestral form of calcification in coccolithophores.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Leilah Krounbi, Konrad Hedderick, Zohar Eyal, Lior Aram, Eyal Shimoni, Lara A. Estroff, Assaf Gal
Summary: Many organisms can control the precipitation of minerals using soluble ions at ambient conditions, with a multistep route being a common strategy. Marine microalgae produce coccoliths as a model system for controlled biomineralization, forming calcium carbonate crystalline arrays at low calcium concentrations.
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Boaz Mayzel, Lior Aram, Neta Varsano, Sharon G. Wolf, Assaf Gal
Summary: The authors studied the formation of silicified extensions in diatoms and found that these structures form outside the cytoplasm, contrary to the prevailing paradigm. Additionally, they discovered that the formation of these silica extensions is halted at low silicon concentrations, indicating a different silicification mechanism than other cell wall elements. The identification of this unconventional strategy expands the suite of mechanisms that diatoms use for silicification.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Assaf Gal
Summary: The article discusses the dense ion pools in unicellular organisms and proposes three types of intracellular ion pools. Advanced techniques have led to the discovery of many labile pools in various organisms, raising new questions about their potential roles in the formation of stable mineralized structures.
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Keren Kahil, Steve Weiner, Lia Addadi, Assaf Gal
Summary: Minerals are formed by organisms through pathways involving ion uptake, transport, storage, and deposition. Different organisms have both common and unique mineral formation pathways, often producing unstable mineral precursors in supersaturated solutions.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hang Zhai, Tatyana Bendikov, Assaf Gal
Summary: The formation of intricate biosilica nanostructures in simple organisms is far superior to current synthetic manufacturing. A biomimetic polycation-polyanion system was used to study polymer-induced silicification. It was found that the polymer phase separation process, rather than silica-polymer interactions, controls silica precipitation. Ionic strength can be used to tune the morphology and structure of the precipitates. The results highlight the importance of hydrated polymer condensates in this process and pave the way for developing nanoscale bioinspired silica morphologies based on liquid-liquid phase separation chemistry.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Emanuel M. Avrahami, Lothar Houben, Lior Aram, Assaf Gal
Summary: This study reveals that complex crystalline morphologies can be achieved by manipulating the growth rate. Using electron tomography, the researchers examined the development of coccolith crystals in three dimensions and found that the crystals express only one set of symmetry-related crystallographic facets, with the positioning of the crystals along specific edges contributing to morphological chirality.
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Zohar Eyal, Leilah Krounbi, Oz Ben Joseph, Emanuel M. Avrahami, Iddo Pinkas, Hadas Peled-Zehavi, Assaf Gal
Summary: Biomineralization processes exhibit varying levels of control over crystallization. Coccoliths, calcified scales formed by unicellular algae, are a model for highly controlled crystallization. This study explores the relationship between base plate and coccolith properties and reveals that the combination of base plate and the chemical environment inside the cell plays a pivotal role in the exquisite control over the crystallization process.
ACTA BIOMATERIALIA
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Nigel Belshaw, Irina Grouneva, Lior Aram, Assaf Gal, Amanda Hopes, Thomas Mock
Summary: CRISPR/Cas technology enables efficient gene targeting by homologous recombination in the diploid photosynthetic organism Thalassiosira pseudonana. Knockout of nitrate reductase and urease genes affected growth on nitrate and urea, respectively, while knockout of the silacidin gene led to a significant increase in cell size.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yeseul Park, Zohar Eyal, Peter Pekker, Daniel M. Chevrier, Christopher T. Lefevre, Pascal Arnoux, Jean Armengaud, Caroline L. Monteil, Assaf Gal, Mihaly Posfai, Damien Faivre
Summary: This study reports the periplasmic biomineralization of copper sulfide nanoparticles produced by the magnetotactic bacterium Desulfamplus magnetovallimortis strain BW-1. It reveals previously unknown possibilities for intracellular biomineralization and holds promise for biological metal recovery.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Diede de Haan, Lior Aram, Hadas Peled-Zehavi, Yoseph Addadi, Oz Ben-Joseph, Ron Rotkopf, Nadav Elad, Katya Rechav, Assaf Gal
Summary: In this study, the authors investigate the exocytosis mechanism in diatoms, unicellular algae with silica cell walls. They find that during exocytosis, the silica deposition vesicle membrane and plasma membrane gradually detach from the mineral without recycling, indicating an extraordinary mechanism for maintaining membrane homeostasis. These results provide structural observations of diatom silica exocytosis and reveal the role of membrane patches in maintaining cellular membrane stability.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Biomaterials
Hang Zhai, Yuke Fan, Wenjun Zhang, Neta Varsano, Assaf Gal
Summary: Multistep mineralization processes are crucial for the fabrication of functional materials, often characterized by non-equilibrium conditions and high supersaturation. Surprisingly, these 'nonclassical' mineralization pathways are widely found in biological systems despite their incompatibility with cellular homeostasis. This study demonstrates how polymer phase separation can passively concentrate inorganic building blocks within a dense phase, leading to the formation of bioinspired silica. By manipulating the chemistry of the dense phase, the interplay between polymer chemistry and silica precipitation can be controlled, providing a framework for better mineral formation control.
ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Oz Ben-Joseph, Diede de Haan, Katya Rechav, Eyal Shimoni, Smadar Levin-Zaidman, Gerald Langer, Ian Probert, Glen L. Wheeler, Assaf Gal
Summary: Coccolithophores produce calcium carbonate crystals that shape global geochemical cycles. Different life-cycle phases of the same species produce coccoliths with different morphologies. The crystallization process in haploid cells, which is rarely studied, was examined using advanced electron microscopy. The findings suggest that the cellular architecture and confinement of the crystallization process determine the morphologies of the crystals.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Emanuel M. Avrahami, Zohar Eyal, Neta Varsano, Ievgeniia Zagoriy, Julia Mahamid, Assaf Gal
Summary: This study investigates the growth process of coccolith crystals using advanced electron microscopy techniques. It reveals that the crystals grow alternately between space filling and skeletonized growth modes, with the final morphology influenced by growth arrest. The findings shed light on the delicate regulation of coccolith crystal morphology.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Biomaterials
Hadas Peled-Zehavi, Assaf Gal
Summary: Some microorganisms, like coccolithophores, produce intricate exoskeletons made of inorganic solids. Recent studies have shown that intracellular compartments store high concentrations of calcium and phosphorous, suggesting a dominant role in mineralization. Fluorescent labeling experiments reveal a variety of organelles with distinct signatures, but surprisingly no changes in ion pools were observed during the calcification process. This suggests that the mechanism behind coccolithophores' ability to sustain intracellular calcification remains elusive.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Abu Talha Aqueel Ahmed, Sankar Sekar, Shubhangi S. Khadtare, Nurul Taufiqu Rochman, Bathula Chinna, Abu Saad Ansari
Summary: In this study, MnCo2S4 nanosheet catalyst was successfully synthesized and found to exhibit superior performance in hydrogen evolution. Compared to MnCo2S4, MnCo2S4 showed low overpotentials, moderate Tafel slope, and excellent sustainability. The outstanding performance can be attributed to the increased number of electrochemically active sites and enhanced electronic conductivity on the catalyst surface.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Victor V. Maltsev, Elena A. Volkova, Elizaveta V. Koporulina, Diana D. Mitina, Vladimir L. Kosorukov, Anna I. Jiliaeva, Daniil A. Naprasnikov, Konstantin N. Gorbachenya, Viktor E. Kisel
Summary: The phase relationships, crystal properties and luminescence kinetics of two complex systems were studied, including unit cell parameters, segregation coefficients of impurities, and lifetimes of energy levels.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoman Zhang, Wangwang Xu, W. J. Meng, Andrew C. Meng
Summary: This study successfully grew high-quality single crystal AlScN nanowires through ultra-high vacuum reactive sputtering technique and characterized their structure and properties. The nanowires exhibit significantly reduced mosaic spread and predominantly single ferroelectric domains, as well as a high piezoelectric constant.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tom E. de Vries, Elias Vlieg, Rene de Gelder
Summary: Networks are important for describing relationships between people, roads between cities, reactions between chemicals, and other interactions. Bipartiteness, dividing the network into two groups, can facilitate the study of the network's structure. We have developed an algorithm that can find a near-optimal bipartisation within a reasonable time frame and used it to uncover the hidden structure of the CSD cocrystal network.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chuchu Han, Jing Yang, Xin Zhang, Aisen Li, Jiang Peng
Summary: An elastic crystal based on a photo-reactive acylhydrazone derivative is reported, which exhibits reversible bending behavior under UV irradiation and heating. The crystal undergoes reversible E<->Z isomerization under light and heating conditions. The crystal demonstrates excellent elastic properties and the bending can be controlled to control the output direction of red light.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lingfeng Zhang, Yu Wang, Yefeng Wang, Shuai Liu, Na Zhang, Mingmin Yang, Haixia Ma, Zhaoqi Guo
Summary: This study designs and synthesizes a series of high-energy salts compounds without heavy metal ions and azide groups. The molecular structures and stability of the compounds are confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction and intermolecular interaction analysis. Furthermore, the thermal stability, energetic properties, and electrical initiation properties of the compounds are investigated, suggesting their potential as primary explosives.