Biologically-variable rhythmic auditory cues are superior to isochronous cues in fostering natural gait variability in Parkinson's disease

Introduction: Rhythmic auditory cueing improves certain gait symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cues are typically stimuli or beats with a fixed inter-beat interval. We show that isochronous cueing has an unwanted side-effect in that it exacerbates one of the motor symptoms characteristic of advanced PD. Whereas the parameters of the stride cycle of healthy walkers and early patients possess a persistent correlation in time, or long-range correlation (LRC), isochronous cueing renders stride-to-stride variability random. Random stride cycle variability is also associated with reduced gait stability and lack of flexibility. Method: To investigate how to prevent patients from acquiring a random stride cycle pattern, we tested rhythmic cueing which mimics the properties of variability found in healthy gait (biological variability). PD patients (n = 19) and age-matched healthy participants (n = 19) walked with three rhythmic cueing stimuli: isochronous, with random variability, and with biological variability (LRC). Synchronization was not instructed. Results: The persistent correlation in gait was preserved only with stimuli with biological variability, equally for patients and controls (p's < 0.05). In contrast, cueing with isochronous or randomly varying inter-stimulus/beat intervals removed the LRC in the stride cycle. Notably, the individual's tendency to synchronize steps with beats determined the amount of negative effects of isochronous and random cues (p's < 0.05) but not the positive effect of biological variability. Conclusion: Stimulus variability and patients' propensity to synchronize play a critical role in fostering healthier gait dynamics during cueing. The beneficial effects of biological variability provide useful guidelines for improving existing cueing treatments. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.