Melatonin alleviates aluminium toxicity through modulating antioxidative enzymes and enhancing organic acid anion exudation in soybean

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is a major chemical constraint limiting plant growth and production on acidic soils. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous molecule that plays crucial roles in plant growth and stress tolerance. However, there is no knowledge regarding whether melatonin is involved in plant responses to Al stress. Here, we show that optimal concentrations of melatonin could effectively ameliorate Al-induced phytotoxicity in soybean (Glycine max L.). The concentration of melatonin in roots was significantly increased by the 50 mu M Al treatment. Such an increase in endogenous melatonin coincided with the upregulation of the gene encoding acetyltransferase NSI-like (nuclear shuttle protein-interacting) in soybean roots. Supplementation with low concentrations of melatonin (0.1 and 1 mu M) conferred Al resistance as evident in partial alleviation of root growth inhibition and decreased H2O2 production: in contrast, high concentrations of melatonin (100 and 200 mu M) had an opposite effect and even decreased root growth in Al-exposed seedlings. Mitigation of Al stress by the 1 mu M melatonin root treatment was associated with enhanced activities of the antioxidant enzymes and increased exudation of malate and citrate. In conclusion, melatonin might play a critical role in soybean resistance to Al toxicity.