ER-resident antioxidative GPx7 and GPx8 enzyme isoforms protect insulinsecreting INS-1E β-cells against lipotoxicity by improving the ER antioxidative capacity

Increased circulating levels of saturated fatty acids (FFAs) and glucose are considered to be major mediators of beta-cell dysfunction and death in T2DM. Although it has been proposed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress play a crucial role in gluco/lipotoxicity, their interplay and relative contribution to beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis has not been fully elucidated. In addition it is still unclear how palmitate - the physiologically most abundant long-chain saturated FFA - elicits ER stress and which immediate signals commit beta-cells to apoptosis. To study the underlying mechanisms of palmitate-mediated ER stress and beta-cell toxicity, we exploited the observation that the recently described ER-resident GPx7 and GPx8 are not expressed in rat beta-cells. Expression of GPx7 or GPx8 attenuated FFAs-mediated H2O2 generation, ER stress, and apoptosis induction. These results could be confirmed by a H2O2-specific inactivating ER catalase, indicating that accumulation of H2O2 in the ER lumen is critical in FFA-induced ER stress. Furthermore, neither the expression of GPx7 nor of GPx8 increased insulin content or facilitated disulfide bond formation in insulin-secreting INS-1E cells. Hence, reduction of H2O2 by ER-GPx isoforms is not rate-limiting in oxidative protein folding in rat beta-cells. These data suggest that FFA-mediated ER stress is partially dependent on oxidative stress and selective expression of GPx7 or GPx8 improves the ER antioxidative capacity of rat beta-cells without compromising insulin production and the oxidative protein folding machinery.