Assessment of Everglades mangrove forest resilience: Implications for above-ground net primary productivity and carbon dynamics

We evaluated mangrove forest resilience in the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE) by analyzing long-term (2001-2014) spatial and temporal patterns of litterfall net primary productivity (NPPL), including the impact and recovery from two natural disturbance events: Hurricane Wilma (October-2005) and a cold snap (January 2010). Specifically, we tested whether the disturbance driven recovery trajectory of mangrove forests (i.e. recovery duration and rate) depends on the disturbance impact magnitude and initial forest structure in three study sites. Hurricane Wilma caused canopy defoliation at all sites and was a function of the wind-field strength such that higher wind speeds at the SRS-6 site (30-40 m s(-1)) induced greatest defoliation (4.7 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1)). Disturbance magnitude (decrease in NPPL from 2005 to 2006) was higher in SRS-6 (7.8 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1)), followed by SRS-4 (5.7 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1)) and SRS-5 (5.5 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1)). We observed differential NPPL recovery times among sites and species, where sites SRS-5 and SRS-6 returned to pre-Wilma NPPL rates by 2010 while SRS-4 has not yet fully recovered. In contrast, the cold snap had significant disturbance impact, yet recovery occurred within one month across all sites. We conclude that differential resilience to Hurricane Wilma was a result of a synergy of local changes in hydrology, salinity and storm impact. The long-term ability of subtropical mangroves to recover to pre-disturbance production rates within a short period ( < 5 years) demonstrates their resilience capacity in cases where massive defoliation occurs as result of natural disturbances.