Horizontal movement and emigration of juvenile spotted halibut Verasper variegatus released in a shallow brackish lagoon: Matsukawa-ura, northeastern Japan, revealed by acoustic telemetry

To elucidate the post-release movement and emigration of juvenile spotted halibut Verasper variegatus, ten hatchery-reared age-0 individuals (10 months old, 17.0-19.7 cm total length) surgically implanted with acoustic transmitters were released near the center of Matsukawa-ura, a shallow brackish lagoon, on 25 November 2009 (water temperature 13.8 A degrees C). They were monitored by ten acoustic receivers for 5 months. Of ten individuals, eight left the release site during December-March. Three of these emigrated to the outer ocean on 17 and 29 January and 30 March 2010, respectively. Juveniles probably started wintering migration in December and January when water temperatures decreased considerably in the lagoon (mean 9.5 and 6.0 A degrees C, respectively). They stopped their migration in the coldest month, February (mean 5.7 A degrees C), and restarted it in March when water temperatures frequently exceeded a plausible threshold for movement (ae6 A degrees C). Statistical analyses revealed that the fish started migration significantly more frequently at nighttime. The migration track of an individual recorded from 11 to 30 March showed gradual nocturnal movements and a slow migration speed (estimated maximum speed 2.2 m/min). Our results revealed that water temperature primarily governed the seasonal timing of nocturnal migratory movements of juvenile spotted halibut.