Paraprobiotic preparation from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FPTB16 modulates immune response and immune relevant gene expression in Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)

The present study evaluated the paraprobiotic effect of heat-inactivated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FlifB16 on immunological response and immune relevant gene expression in catla (Catla catla). Heat inactivation of viable cells of B. amyloliquefaciens was done at 60 degrees C for 2 h. For preparation of paraprobiotic supplemented diet, the heat-inactivated bacteria were added to the basal diet (control) at three different inclusion levels i.e., 10(7), 10(8) and 10(9) cells g(-1) diet. Fish (25.98 +/- 2.57 g) were fed with these diets and various immune responses and immune relevant gene expressions were measured after 4 weeks of feeding. Biochemical parameters were also measured along with the immunological responses. Immunological parameters viz. oxygen radical production, serum lysozyme activity and total serum protein content showed significant enhancement (p < 0.05) in fish fed with 10(8) and 10(9) cells g(-1) diet. Significant enhancement in myeloperoxidase activity was observed in all the dietary groups compared to control. Alkaline phosphatase activity showed significant enhancement (p < 0.05) in fish fed with 10(7) and 10(8) cells g(-1) diet. Biochemical parameters viz. GPT, GOT and glucose content did not show any significant difference in any of the dietary groups. Immune relevant genes viz. IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, C3 and iNOS showed significantly higher expression in either liver or head-kidney tissues in most of the cases. However, IFN-gamma expression showed a down -regulation pattern in both the tissues. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of heat-inactivated B. amyloliquefaciens enhanced the immunity of catla, particularly at 10(8) cells g(-1) diet. The results collectively suggest the paraprobiotic applicability of B. amyloliquefaciens in aquaculture. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.