Article
Mechanics
Amin Hosseini Zadeh, Min-Kyung Jeon, Tae-Hyuk Kwon, Seunghee Kim
Summary: This study summarizes recent pore-scale experimental efforts to improve our understanding of the hydro-mechanical coupling at the pore scale. The effects of various fluid flow conditions on fluid-driven deformation and concurrent fluid transport are comprehensively examined. Four particle-level pressure terms are introduced as primary indicators to capture the observed regimes of fluid-driven deformation and fluid transport. The study provides unique pore-scale experimental results and advances our understanding of hydro-mechanical behavior associated with fluid injection. Rating: 8/10.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Alessandra Bonazzi, Birendra Jha, Felipe P. J. de Barros
Summary: Geomechanical parameters can affect the flow field and concentration distribution of solutes, while the loading frequency also plays a crucial role in regulating the temporal dynamics of the concentration field.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Fanxiang Xu, Hadi Hajibeygi, Lambertus J. Sluys
Summary: The multiscale XFEM proposed in this work addresses the challenges of complex multiscale geoscientific applications by utilizing locally computed enriched basis functions. Through algebraic formulation and solving methods, this approach significantly reduces computational costs while maintaining accuracy, making it a promising scalable method for large-scale heavily fractured porous media.
JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Boqian Shen, Beatrice Riviere
Summary: We propose a numerical method for solving the two-phase flow poroelasticity equations using the interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method and a sequential time-stepping method. The existence of the solution is proved, and three-dimensional numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Kumar Shwetank, Debasis Deb, Ranjan Pramanik
Summary: A coupled numerical framework based on SPH and FDM has been developed to analyze the fluid flow in a deformable poro-elastic medium. The novelty lies in simulating the porous media using two separate layers to describe solid and fluid phases and solving them simultaneously with mutual transfer of variables. SPH is employed for simulating solid phase with large deformations, while FDM is used for analyzing pore pressure variation in the fluid phase. The proposed model considers the change of porosity due to solid deformation and its impact on fluid pressure variation. The accuracy and versatility of the developed model has been validated through numerical results and comparison with analytical solutions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES
(2023)
Correction
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
T. Kadeethum, S. Lee, H. M. Nick
Summary: A correction to the paper has been published.
MATHEMATICAL GEOSCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kalayarasan Seranthian, Ashim Datta
Summary: This study proposes a coupled multiphase porous media transport model to simulate the baking process of cupcakes in a conventional oven, considering evaporation, large deformation, and material transformation. The model predicts the temperature, moisture, dimensional change, and color of the cupcake batter during baking, by solving the governing equations for energy, mass, and momentum conservation. Experimental validation shows good agreement between the model and measured results, indicating that the rate of carbon dioxide production, vapor generation, and mechanical properties of the batter are important factors in determining the final shape of the cupcake. The novelty of this numerical model lies in the coupling of mechanical and thermophysical properties with multiphase transport and expansion.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Panpan Li, Cui Ma, Zhenqian Chen, Haoqi Wang, Yu Wang, Hao Bai
Summary: This study focuses on the heat and moisture transfer process in deformable porous media and investigates the enhancement mechanism and effects of ultrasound. A mathematical model is developed to analyze the macroscopic deformations and optimize the parameters of the ultrasound-assisted drying system.
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Bo-Hua Sun
Summary: The computation of rotation tensor is crucial in analyzing deformable bodies. This paper introduces an explicit expression for the rotation tensor of the deformation gradient, establishing a relationship between the exponential mapping and deformation. The Maple code provided makes it easier to apply the formulation to general 2D problems.
APPLIED MATHEMATICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Shuairun Zhu, Lulu Zhang, Lizhou Wu, Lin Tan, Haolong Chen
Summary: This paper investigates the effectiveness of the cascadic multigrid method applied to the improved Picard iteration method for solving nonlinear problems in deforming variably saturated porous media. Two improved Picard iteration methods are proposed, and their effectiveness is verified through numerical examples. The results show that the improved methods have faster convergence and higher computational efficiency compared to the classical method.
COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Sara Shokrollahzadeh Behbahani, Hadi Hajibeygi, Denis Voskov, Jan Dirk Jansen
Summary: A smoothed embedded finite-volume modeling method is proposed for faulted and fractured heterogeneous poroelastic media. This method achieves coupling between fault slip mechanics, deformation mechanics, and fluid flow equations to ensure stability and consistency of simulation results. The method also addresses the challenge of oscillatory stress fields at faults through a smoothed embedded strategy. The sEFVM provides locally conservative mass flux and stress fields on a staggered grid, showing promise for field-scale relevant simulation of induced seismicity.
JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Alexander Stadik, Gerhard Kahl
Summary: By using Monte Carlo simulations, the properties of deformable fluid particles in a porous matrix were studied, showing that the change in shape is related to changes in energy and has a distinct impact on the system's static and dynamic properties.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Kirill M. Terekhov, Yuri V. Vassilevski
Summary: The article presents a cell-centered finite-volume method for solving the Biot problem in heterogeneous anisotropic media with full-tensor properties. The expression for the coupled flux and the interpolation method are derived, taking into account the discontinuity of properties. The method is stable due to the eigensplitting of the matrix coefficients and upstream approximation, allowing for collocation of pressure and displacement at cell centers. The method handles general types of boundary conditions without introducing auxiliary degrees of freedom. The applicability of the method is demonstrated through challenging numerical benchmarks.
JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jinxia Liu, Zhiwen Cui, Igor Sevostianov
Summary: The paper aims to fill the gap in the understanding of the effect of stresses on wave propagation in a fluid-saturated porous media by deriving explicit expressions of velocity dependence on stresses and verifying the feasibility of fast longitudinal wave simplification through comparisons with experimental data.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Menel Rahrah, Fred Vermolen
Summary: Poroelasticity theory can be used to analyze the interaction between fluid flow and porous media deformation. Linear poroelasticity is accurate for small deformations but less accurate for moderate to large deformations, while large-deformation poroelasticity combines effective stress with a nonlinear continuity equation.
COMPUTATIONAL GEOSCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biophysics
Jonas F. Eichinger, Maximilian J. Grill, Iman Davoodi Kermani, Roland C. Aydin, Wolfgang A. Wall, Jay D. Humphrey, Christian J. Cyron
Summary: The study presents a novel computational framework based on the finite element method to simulate key mechanobiological mechanisms of mechanical homeostasis. The framework replicates many experimental observations on short time scales, providing a systematic tool for future research on mechanical homeostasis.
BIOMECHANICS AND MODELING IN MECHANOBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Statistics & Probability
Christoph Striegel, Jonas Biehler, Wolfgang A. Wall, Goeran Kauermann
Summary: This paper predicts the outcomes of high fidelity multivariate computer simulations using function-to-function regression with low fidelity counterparts. The compression of data and the use of a Gaussian Markov random field for model fitting are employed to handle the high dimensional but low sample size data. The proposed model enables real multivariate predictions on the complete grid.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Rui Fang, Christoph P. Schmidt, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: In this article, a coupled finite element approach is presented for studying lithium plating and stripping in lithium-ion cells. The approach considers variables such as local film thickness and solves the resulting nonlinear equations using the Newton-Raphson method. A novel regularization technique is introduced to ensure stability and fast convergence. Numerical examples demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of the approach.
JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Volker Gravemeier, Sevket Mert Civaner, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: A computational method for the coupled four-field problem of TFSI using finite elements is proposed in this study. The method utilizes residual-based variational multiscale formulations to ensure stable and accurate solutions. It is applied to various examples and proves to be robust and capable of simulating complex technical devices.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jonas Nitzler, Jonas Biehler, Niklas Fehn, Phaedon-Stelios Koutsourelakis, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: This article presents a generalized formulation of a Bayesian multi-fidelity Monte-Carlo framework that addresses the challenges of high computational cost and high dimensionality in uncertainty quantification. By exploiting lower-fidelity model versions and learning the relationship between high-fidelity models and lower-fidelity models, the curse of dimensionality is circumvented. Despite the limitations of small data and inaccurate information from low-fidelity models, accurate and certifiable estimates for uncertainty quantification can be obtained with significantly fewer high-fidelity model runs.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Sebastian L. Fuchs, Patrick M. Praegla, Christian J. Cyron, Wolfgang A. Wall, Christoph Meier
Summary: This study proposes a computational modeling framework for simulating coupled microfluid-powder dynamics in additive manufacturing processes. By considering temperature-dependent surface tension and wetting effects, this framework can simulate the dynamic interactions between a liquid or gas phase and a solid phase consisting of substrate and powder particles. Several application-motivated examples demonstrate the generality and robustness of the framework.
ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mostafa Faraji, Alexander Seitz, Christoph Meier, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: This work presents a new model and numerical formulation for lubricated contact problems involving deformable 3D solid bodies and a fluid film. The model considers frictional contact tractions and hydrodynamic fluid tractions at each local point on the contact surface, and covers the entire range of lubrication. The finite element method is used for spatial discretization and several benchmark tests demonstrate the accuracy of the model.
Article
Mechanics
Harald Willmann, Jonas Nitzler, Sebastian Brandstaeter, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: The study introduces a Bayesian calibration approach for surface coupled problems in computational mechanics, aiming to find model parameters that achieve good similarity between model predictions and observations without displacement data of material points. It interprets the calibration problem as a statistical inference problem, providing a posterior distribution over possible solutions and considering uncertainties present in experimental data. By utilizing Gaussian process regression and statistically based discrepancy measures, the proposed framework reduces computational costs and leads to expressive posterior distributions, as demonstrated in numerical examples involving multi-physics models.
ADVANCED MODELING AND SIMULATION IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Biology
Silvia Hervas-Raluy, Barbara Wirthl, Pedro E. Guerrero, Gil Robalo Rei, Jonas Nitzler, Esther Coronado, Jaime Font de Mora Sainz, Bernhard A. Schrefler, Maria Jose Gomez-Benito, Jose Manuel Garcia-Aznar, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: In order to understand the growth of solid tumors, it is crucial to link knowledge of cancer biology with the physical properties of the tumor and its interaction with the surrounding microenvironment. Computational physics-based models were developed to incorporate these interactions using porous media theory. However, experimental validation of these models is challenging for clinical use. This study combines a physics-based model with in vitro experiments using microfluidic devices to mimic a three-dimensional tumor microenvironment, validating the proposed workflow.
COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Maximilian J. Grill, Wolfgang A. Wall, Christoph Meier
Summary: The study focuses on accurate analytical descriptions of adhesive and repulsive forces in complex fibrous systems. The research presents three different analytical solutions for disk-cylinder interaction potential laws, considering arbitrary mutual orientations and small surface separations. The derived potential laws show correct asymptotic scaling behavior and provide a theoretical prediction for the angle dependence.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Stephan Sinzig, Thomas Hollweck, Christoph P. Schmidt, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: All-solid-state batteries are promising candidates to replace conventional batteries with liquid electrolytes in many applications, but their feasibility is limited for certain applications. This study focuses on identifying physical effects inside all-solid-state batteries and their quantitative influence on battery performance. Simulation models are used to systematically study the effects and the influence of space-charge layers (SCLs) is heavily discussed. A new model is proposed to predict the spatial development of SCLs within realistic microstructures, enabling the quantification of the geometric influence on SCL formation. The SCLs in realistic microstructures differ significantly from those computed with simplified one-dimensional models.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Christian Schneider, Christoph P. Schmidt, Anton Neumann, Moritz Clausnitzer, Marcel Sadowski, Sascha Harm, Christoph Meier, Timo Danner, Karsten Albe, Arnulf Latz, Wolfgang A. Wall, Bettina V. Lotsch
Summary: This study investigates the particle size dependent compression mechanics and ionic conductivity of thiophosphate solid electrolyte t-LiSiPS under pressure. It is found that stack and pelletizing pressure can effectively influence the microstructure and ionic conductivity of t-LiSiPS. The study emphasizes the importance of microstructure, particle size distribution, and pressure control in solid electrolytes.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Christoph Meier, Maximilian J. Grill, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: This paper proposes a universal framework for formulating generalized section-section interaction potentials (SSIP) in geometrically exact beam theory. By assuming undeformable cross-sections, an objective description of SSIPs is proposed using a minimal set of six relative coordinates. Work-pairing and a variational principle are used to identify work-conjugated interaction forces and moments. The proposed formulation allows for the modeling of interactions and constraints in fiber-based structures and materials.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Harald Willmann, Wolfgang A. Wall
Summary: This article proposes an inverse analysis algorithm to find the best fit of multiple material parameters in different coupled multi-physics biofilm models. The algorithm uses a nonlinear continuum mechanical approach to model biofilm deformation and determines the optimization objective function based on the distance of the fluid biofilm interface. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for investigating different physical effects and numerical approaches in biofilm models.
ADVANCED MODELING AND SIMULATION IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Maximilian J. Grill, Jonathan Kernes, Valentin M. Slepukhin, Wolfgang A. Wall, Alex J. Levine
Summary: The study shows that tension propagates along specific filaments of a semiflexible filament network in response to a point force, with a highly heterogeneous distribution of force within the network. A small number of fibers support a significant fraction of the applied load over distances of multiple mesh sizes surrounding the point of force application, which may be thought of as tensile force chains.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Akshay J. Thomas, Mateusz Jaszczuk, Eduardo Barocio, Gourab Ghosh, Ilias Bilionis, R. Byron Pipes
Summary: We propose a physics-guided transfer learning approach to predict the thermal conductivity of additively manufactured short-fiber reinforced polymers using micro-structural characteristics obtained from tensile tests. A Bayesian framework is developed to transfer the thermal conductivity properties across different extrusion deposition additive manufacturing systems. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of our method in accounting for epistemic and aleatory uncertainties.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhen Zhang, Zongren Zou, Ellen Kuhl, George Em Karniadakis
Summary: In this study, deep learning and artificial intelligence were used to discover a mathematical model for the progression of Alzheimer's disease. By analyzing longitudinal tau positron emission tomography data, a reaction-diffusion type partial differential equation for tau protein misfolding and spreading was discovered. The results showed different misfolding models for Alzheimer's and healthy control groups, indicating faster misfolding in Alzheimer's group. The study provides a foundation for early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other misfolding-protein based neurodegenerative disorders using image-based technologies.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jonghyuk Baek, Jiun-Shyan Chen
Summary: This paper introduces an improved neural network-enhanced reproducing kernel particle method for modeling the localization of brittle fractures. By adding a neural network approximation to the background reproducing kernel approximation, the method allows for the automatic location and insertion of discontinuities in the function space, enhancing the modeling effectiveness. The proposed method uses an energy-based loss function for optimization and regularizes the approximation results through constraints on the spatial gradient of the parametric coordinates, ensuring convergence.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Bodhinanda Chandra, Ryota Hashimoto, Shinnosuke Matsumi, Ken Kamrin, Kenichi Soga
Summary: This paper proposes new and robust stabilization strategies for accurately modeling incompressible fluid flow problems in the material point method (MPM). The proposed approach adopts a monolithic displacement-pressure formulation and integrates two stabilization strategies to ensure stability. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through benchmark cases and real-world scenarios involving violent free-surface fluid motion.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Chao Peng, Alessandro Tasora, Dario Fusai, Dario Mangoni
Summary: This article discusses the importance of the tangent stiffness matrix of constraints in multibody systems and provides a general formulation based on quaternion parametrization. The article also presents the analytical expression of the tangent stiffness matrix derived through linearization. Examples demonstrate the positive effect of this additional stiffness term on static and eigenvalue analyses.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Thibaut Vadcard, Fabrice Thouverez, Alain Batailly
Summary: This contribution presents a methodology for detecting isolated branches of periodic solutions to nonlinear mechanical equations. The method combines harmonic balance method-based solving procedure with the Melnikov energy principle. It is able to predict the location of isolated branches of solutions near families of autonomous periodic solutions. The relevance and accuracy of this methodology are demonstrated through academic and industrial applications.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Weisheng Zhang, Yue Wang, Sung-Kie Youn, Xu Guo
Summary: This study proposes a sketch-guided topology optimization approach based on machine learning, which incorporates computer sketches as constraint functions to improve the efficiency of computer-aided structural design models and meet the design intention and requirements of designers.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Leilei Chen, Zhongwang Wang, Haojie Lian, Yujing Ma, Zhuxuan Meng, Pei Li, Chensen Ding, Stephane P. A. Bordas
Summary: This paper presents a model order reduction method for electromagnetic boundary element analysis and extends it to computer-aided design integrated shape optimization of multi-frequency electromagnetic scattering problems. The proposed method utilizes a series expansion technique and the second-order Arnoldi procedure to reduce the order of original systems. It also employs the isogeometric boundary element method to ensure geometric exactness and avoid re-meshing during shape optimization. The Grey Wolf Optimization-Artificial Neural Network is used as a surrogate model for shape optimization, with radar cross section as the objective function.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
C. Pilloton, P. N. Sun, X. Zhang, A. Colagrossi
Summary: This paper investigates the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of violent sloshing flows and discusses the impact of volume conservation errors on the simulation results. Different techniques are used to directly measure the particles' volumes and stabilization terms are introduced to control the errors. Experimental comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of the numerical techniques.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Ye Lu, Weidong Zhu
Summary: This work presents a novel global digital image correlation (DIC) method based on a convolution finite element (C-FE) approximation. The C-FE based DIC provides highly smooth and accurate displacement and strain results with the same element size as the usual finite element (FE) based DIC. The proposed method's formulation and implementation, as well as the controlling parameters, have been discussed in detail. The C-FE method outperformed the FE method in all tested examples, demonstrating its potential for highly smooth, accurate, and robust DIC analysis.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mojtaba Ghasemi, Mohsen Zare, Amir Zahedi, Pavel Trojovsky, Laith Abualigah, Eva Trojovska
Summary: This paper introduces Lung performance-based optimization (LPO), a novel algorithm that draws inspiration from the efficient oxygen exchange in the lungs. Through experiments and comparisons with contemporary algorithms, LPO demonstrates its effectiveness in solving complex optimization problems and shows potential for a wide range of applications.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jingyu Hu, Yang Liu, Huixin Huang, Shutian Liu
Summary: In this study, a new topology optimization method is proposed for structures with embedded components, considering the tension/compression asymmetric interface stress constraint. The method optimizes the topology of the host structure and the layout of embedded components simultaneously, and a new interpolation model is developed to determine interface layers between the host structure and embedded components.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Liu, Wei Zhu, Xiyu Jia, Feng Ma, Jun Wen, Yixiong Wu, Kuangqi Chen, Zhenhai Zhang, Shuang Wang
Summary: In this study, a multiscale and nonlinear turbulence characteristic extraction model using a graph neural network was designed. This model can directly compute turbulence data without resorting to simplified formulas. Experimental results demonstrate that the model has high computational performance in turbulence calculation.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jacinto Ulloa, Geert Degrande, Jose E. Andrade, Stijn Francois
Summary: This paper presents a multi-temporal formulation for simulating elastoplastic solids under cyclic loading. The proper generalized decomposition (PGD) is leveraged to decompose the displacements into multiple time scales, separating the spatial and intra-cyclic dependence from the inter-cyclic variation, thereby reducing computational burden.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Utkarsh Utkarsh, Valentin Churavy, Yingbo Ma, Tim Besard, Prakitr Srisuma, Tim Gymnich, Adam R. Gerlach, Alan Edelman, George Barbastathis, Richard D. Braatz, Christopher Rackauckas
Summary: This article presents a high-performance vendor-agnostic method for massively parallel solving of ordinary and stochastic differential equations on GPUs. The method integrates with a popular differential equation solver library and achieves state-of-the-art performance compared to hand-optimized kernels.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2024)
