Major disruption of D beneath Alaska

D represents one of the most dramatic thermal and compositional layers within our planet. In particular, global tomographic models display relatively fast patches at the base of the mantle along the circum-Pacific which are generally attributed to slab debris. Such distinct patches interact with the bridgmanite (Br) to post-bridgmanite (PBr) phase boundary to generate particularly strong heterogeneity at their edges. Most seismic observations for the D come from the lower mantle S wave triplication (Scd). Here we exploit the USArray waveform data to examine one of these sharp transitions in structure beneath Alaska. From west to east beneath Alaska, we observed three different characteristics in D: (1) the western region with a strong Scd, requiring a sharp delta Vs = 2.5% increase; (2) the middle region with no clear Scd phases, indicating a lack of D (or thin Br-PBr layer); and (3) the eastern region with strong Scd phase, requiring a gradient increase in delta Vs. To explain such strong lateral variation in the velocity structure, chemical variations must be involved. We suggest that the western region represents relatively normal mantle. In contrast, the eastern region is influenced by a relic slab that has subducted down to the lowermost mantle. In the middle region, we infer an upwelling structure that disrupts the Br-PBr phase boundary. Such an interpretation is based upon a distinct pattern of travel time delays, waveform distortions, and amplitude patterns that reveal a circular-shaped anomaly about 5 degrees across which can be modeled synthetically as a plume-like structure rising about 400 km high with a shear velocity reduction of similar to 5%, similar to geodynamic modeling predictions of upwellings.