Application of polymeric nanofibers in medical designs, part III: Musculoskeletal and urological tissues

Nanotechnology has potential applications in different sciences, especially in the biological sciences and medicine. The nanomaterials are applicable materials with different morphologies such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, and nanofibers. The development of nanofibers has greatly enhanced the scope for fabricating designs that can be potentially used in medical sciences. In part III the author summarizes the currently available applications of nanofibers in musculoskeletal and urologic tissues. The graphical abstract shows computed tomography analysis and macroscopic images of calvarial defects in rat, with the regeneration result, after four weeks, of bone healing upon implantation of scaffolds in the defect. (A and D) Control group; (B and E) poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/nanohydroxyapatite (PHBV/nHAp) scaffold; and (C and F) PHBV/nHAp scaffold with unrestricted somatic stem cells precultured in vitro.