Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Florian Steinweg, Adrian Mikitisin, Thomas L. M. Janitzky, Silvia Richter, Thomas E. Weirich, Joachim Mayer, Christoph Broeckmann
Summary: It is observed that rolling bearings fail due to the formation of white etching areas and cracks (WEA/WEC). The study focused on the role of specific oil additives and their influence on the formation of reaction layers and WEA/WEC. Comprehensive tests were conducted using two different fully formulated oil lubricants with bearing steel samples. Analysis revealed that an oil formulation containing barium and phosphorus performed well in preventing WEA/WEC damage, while an oil formulation containing zinc dithiophosphate and overbased calcium sulfonate did not result in significant formation of reaction layers.
TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Joerg Loos, Iris Bergmann, Matthias Goss
Summary: Premature bearing failures caused by white etching cracks (WECs) are attributed to additional loads on rolling contact, such as electrical current passing through the bearing. Tests have shown that high electrical currents play a critical role as WEC triggers, with the intensity of the current, electrical polarity, and load type affecting WEC formation, while the impact of lubricant is relatively minor. The failure hypothesis of energetic WEC fatigue has been extended to account for high electrical currents.
TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Martin Linzmayer, Christopher Sous, Francisco Gutierrez Guzman, Georg Jacobs
Summary: White Etching Cracks (WEC) is a damage pattern in roller bearings characterized by sub-surface crack networks. This study focuses on verifying and establishing a test method for assessing the risk of WEC occurrence in predefined tribological systems.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Fernando Jose Lopez-Urunuela, Beatriz Fernandez-Diaz, Bihotz Pinedo, Josu Aguirrebeitia
Summary: Hydrogen precharged specimens were tested in a disc-on-disc tribometer to study the early stages of crack formation. Small transgranular cracks and unlinked voids were found, as well as premature WEA. This paper aims to clarify certain concepts of debate concerning WEA and proposes a new hypothesis on the mechanism of crack formation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
D. Mayweg, L. Morsdorf, X. Wu, M. Herbig
Summary: The white etching crack (WEC) phenomena in high carbon steels affect bearings, and research shows that it is associated with the carbon element. Analyzing the carbon content and distribution in 100Cr6 bearings can provide insights into the formation mechanism of white etching cracks.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Joerg W. H. Franke, Janine Fritz, Thomas Koenig, Daniel Merk
Summary: The tribological contact between raceways and rolling elements in rolling bearings plays a crucial role in their performance and lifetime. While the geometric description of this contact is well-studied and utilized in mechanical simulations, the material description, especially the near-surface volume after interaction with lubricants, is more complex. This research investigates the effect of lubricant chemistry on the failure modes of cylindrical roller thrust bearings in the Schaeffler FE8-25 test, revealing that the lubricant chemistry can influence the failure mechanisms of the test. The characterization of the tribological layers on the raceway was performed using the mu XRF and ATR FTIR microscopy methods, offering new approaches for optimizing rolling bearing testing and predicting early failure risks.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ksenija Nikolic, Vitoria Mattos Ferreira, Loic Malet, Tom Depover, Kim Verbeken, Roumen H. Petrov
Summary: This work characterized the microstructure of a damaged bearing from the field to better understand the microstructural features behind the formation of White Etching Cracks (WEC) in bearings. The microstructural characterization of the altered white etching area (WEA) involved conventional electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). The results showed that the orientation of detectable grains within WEA is similar to that of the bulk material, and WEA consists of small spherical grains (average 30 nm) with significant variation in grain orientation, indicating recrystallization had occurred.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Jonathan F. W. Leung, Rohit Voothaluru, Richard W. Neu
Summary: This study introduces a novel Ruiz fretting damage parameter (FDP) implementation to predict the frictional energy dissipation at subsurface cracks, and a parametric study using finite element model explores the role of crack length, orientation, depth, and coefficient of friction (COF) on FDP. The results provide strong evidence of the FDP as a predictor of WEC formation, with specific conditions maximizing the FDP.
TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Luis Vicente Wilches Pena, Ling Wang, Brian G. Mellor, Yi Huang
Summary: The formation of white etching areas is attributed to severe plastic deformation conditions and the presence of hard discontinuities.
TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaochen Zhang, Di Wu, Zhuofan Xia, Yaming Zhang, Yifeng Li, Jianqiu Wang, En-Hou Han
Summary: This study investigates the features of White Etching Layer (WEL) and Brown Etching Layer (BEL) found on martensite bearing raceway and discusses the formation mechanisms related to carbon diffusion and redistribution.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Ba Hieu Nguyen, Ali Al-Juboori, Hongtao Zhu, Azdiar A. Gazder, Huijun Li, Kiet Tieu
Summary: White etching layers (WELs) on rail surfaces significantly impact rail life by promoting crack growth and leading to fracture. Mechanically-induced WELs, with higher hardness and more severe cracks compared to thermomechanically-induced WELs, are more detrimental to rail life.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Xue-Qin Hou, Zheng Zhang, Chang-Kui Liu, Chun-Hu Tao
Summary: This paper investigates the characteristics, formation mechanism, influence on contact fatigue spalling failure, and control methods of white etching area (WEA) in M50 steel bearings. Through analysis of the WEA's location, morphological characteristics, composition analysis, hardness test, and microstructure analysis, it was found that the WEA originates from the boundary between the matrix and primary carbides or inclusions located in the subsurface of the raceway. The WEA exhibits irregular block-shaped morphologies, with a length direction of approximately 30 to 50 degrees relative to the rolling direction and a microstructure of body-centered cubic ferrite nanocrystalline. The formation mechanism of WEA involves phase transformation driven by accumulation of plastic deformation induced by high stress in micro regions. The proximity of the WEA to the raceway surface affects its growth rate, and the poor deformation coordination between the WEA and matrix increases the likelihood of contact fatigue spalling. Controlling the initiation and propagation of WEA can be achieved by reducing material defects and minimizing working stress on the bearings.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Srikakulapu Kiranbabu, Lutz Morsdorf, Ivan Gonzalez, Michael Koelling, Christian Bross, Dirk Ponge, Michael Herbig, David Mayweg
Summary: This study investigates the causes of white etching cracks (WECs) in wind turbine gearbox (WTGB) bearings. The results show that the presence of MnS inclusions is a key factor in the initiation of WECs in WTGB bearings.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Yi-Bo Wang, Shu-Xin Li, Si-Yuan Lu, Jun Cao
Summary: The butterfly white etching area formed at subsurface inclusions during rolling contact fatigue of bearing steel was studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Two different orientations of butterfly white etching areas were observed at non-metallic inclusions: largely sheared and narrow band morphologies. Both involve the transformation from body-centered-cubic to face-centered-cubic, which is different from previously reported butterfly white etching areas consisting of only ferrite nanocrystallines.
TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
H. K. Danielsen, M. Villa, F. Gutierrez Guzman, S. Faester, K. V. Dahl, R. H. Vegter, O. L. Jensen, T. S. Hummelshoj, B. Lehmann, G. Jacobs, M. A. J. Somers, T. L. Christiansen
Summary: A novel WEC resistant bearing steel solution has been developed through a custom heat treatment, which showed improved performance in testing compared to standard bearing steel.