Article
Acoustics
Dimitri Donskoy, Dong Liu
Summary: The Vibro-Acoustic Modulation method has been actively researched for the last two decades for the detection and characterization of various structural and material flaws. This study proposes a baseline-free approach that measures the power damage coefficient beta instead of the Modulation Index, offering testing without established reference value and insights into the nonlinear mechanisms transformation during damage evolution. The experimental investigation and validation of this approach show promising results for practical applications in damage detection and monitoring.
JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Andrzej Klepka, Kajetan Dziedziech, Jakub Mrowka, Jakub Gorski
Summary: This study focuses on investigating non-linear effects in vibro-acoustic modulation tests, analyzing the modulation type of response signals and the formation of sidebands due to interaction between low- and high-frequency excitation and damage surfaces. The results show that changes in excitation amplitude can alter the modulation type of the response signal.
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Acoustics
Lennart Dorendorf, Nikolay Lalkovski, Marcus Rutner
Summary: This article introduces a simple physical explanation of how nonlinearity in a structure causes amplitude modulation and phase modulation in the system response for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The explanation is validated through experiments and simulations. It demonstrates the different types of envelope functions observed in the system response depending on the ultrasonic carrier frequency. This understanding is crucial for distinguishing non-damage induced nonlinearity from local damage effects in SHM applications.
JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Benjamin Boll, Lennart Dorendorf, Peter Oppermann, Erik Willmann, Bodo Fiedler, Bernd-Christian Renner, Marcus Rutner, Robert Horst Meissner
Summary: The vibroacoustic modulation (VAM) is a nonlinear ultrasonic testing method that utilizes the modulation of a high-frequency/low-amplitude probe wave with a low-frequency/high-amplitude pumping vibration, resulting in high sensitivities to damages in the structure. A synthetic generation of the VAM signal using probe measurements acquired at different stress levels is proposed, reducing the sensing requirements and decoupling VAM from the need for a constant recurrent frequency and amplitude of the natural vibration. This method opens the possibility of applying VAM to assess the structural health of complex structures.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Carlo Boursier Niutta, Andrea Tridello, Davide S. Paolino, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: The development of damage tolerance strategies in the design of composite structures is a major challenge due to the nonhomogeneous nature of these materials. A proper combination of material behavior description and nondestructive techniques is crucial. Nondestructive techniques are increasingly important for quantitatively describing the material state in composites.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Dong Liu, Dimitri Donskoy
Summary: The vibroacoustic modulation (VAM) method is advantageous in detecting defects in complex structures due to its high sensitivity, simple implementation, and ability to access a broad frequency range. To enhance its reliability, researchers modified the method by using a chirp signal instead of a single harmonic probe wave. However, the broadband frequency content of the probe wave can overwhelm the sideband that represents the defect's acoustic nonlinearity. This paper proposes a cross-correlation (CC) approach to address this issue and compares its performance with existing methods.
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Erik Willmann, Benjamin Boll, Gor Mikaelyan, Hans Wittich, Robert Horst Meissner, Bodo Fiedler
Summary: This paper demonstrates the application of Vibro-Acoustic Modulation measurement for damage detection in notched carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP). An ultrasonic signal is introduced into the specimen through a piezoceramic actuator, which is modulated by a low-frequency vibration. Open hole tensile specimens made from a quasi-isotropic CFRP layup are tested, and degradation in the form of matrix cracks or delaminations can be detected as a modulation increase. The presented method can be used for damage monitoring in CFRP.
COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Tingyuan Yin, Ching Tai Ng, James Vidler, Van Dac Ho, Andrei Kotousov
Summary: This study proposes an amplitude-modulation vibro-acoustic (AMVA) technique to track the evolution of thermal damage in pristine graphene mortar. The results show that the proposed AMVA technique is more sensitive and feasible to serve as the tool for thermal damage detection in cement-based material.
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Xueliang Duan, Huifeng Zheng, Wenjie Du, Tianhao Ling, Runguang Yao
Summary: This paper derives the kinematic equilibrium equation for linear elastic materials with cracks undergoing infinitesimal deformation and explains the physical origin of high harmonic and sideband signals in the system displacement solution. It constructs a three-dimensional contact model of micro-cracks to describe the nonlinear effect of contact sound on the crack surface. The correctness of the model is verified using modulation index and damage index, and experimental research confirms the theoretical derivation and verifies the reliability of the model.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Lunan Wei, Jun Chen
Summary: In this paper, the optimal probing frequency for enhancing nonlinear vibro-acoustic modulation (VAM) behaviors of delaminated carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is studied. A 3D finite element model and a non-contact experimental setup based on laser scanning Doppler vibrometer (LSDV) are used to investigate the magnifying effect of probing frequency on VAM behavior. A searching procedure based on scaling subtraction method (SSM) is proposed to determine the local defect resonance (LDR) of a delaminated CFRP, and damage contour maps and maximum response amplitude (MRA) are used to quantify the enhancement of nonlinear VAM response. Results show that the LDR can improve delamination detection, and the highest sensitivity is achieved when the probing frequency is selected as the sum or difference of the LDR and pumping frequency.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sze-Hong Teh, Ko-Choong Woo, Marian Wiercigroch
Summary: We investigated the interaction between a vibro-impacting indenter and metal or rock samples through experiments and mathematical modeling. The experiments were conducted on a custom-designed rig at the Centre for Applied Dynamics of the University of Aberdeen. The mathematical models accurately captured the mechanics of the interaction between the indenter and the metal or rock samples. The developed mathematical model enables the optimization of vibro-impact dynamical responses.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Review
Acoustics
Alireza Zarei, Srikanth Pilla
Summary: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Laser Ultrasonic Testing (LUT) and its applications in composite materials. LUT is a noncontact and nondestructive technique that utilizes lasers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves. Despite challenges such as low signal-to-noise ratio and complex damage patterns in composite materials, LUT shows promise for implementation in Smart Industries and harsh industrial environments.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Jakub Gorski, Kajetan Dziedziech, Andrzej Klepka
Summary: Damage detection methods based on phenomena from non-linear acoustics, particularly the Modulation Transfer phenomenon, are valuable tools for fault localization. This paper investigates different modulation types related to Modulation Transfer and proposes a specialized algorithm to extract modulation-related components from response signals. Experimental results on a damaged beam demonstrate the effectiveness of the modulation transfer phenomenon in damage localization, especially when using separated amplitude and frequency modulation indicators.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
S. Yan, S. J. Cui, L. Wang, X. N. Wang, S. W. Yu
Summary: A study on the early microcrack monitoring of reinforced concrete structures was conducted using nonlinear vibro-acoustic modulation. The influence law between the excitation signal form and the nonlinear effect of sensing signals was investigated through finite element analysis and experimental validation. The mechanism of the nonlinearity in sensing signals coming from microcrack surface vibration collisions was found, providing a theoretical basis for vibration-based damage detection.
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND EVALUATION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Yi He, Yi Xiao, Zhongqing Su, Yongdong Pan, Zhen Zhang
Summary: This paper investigates the effects of Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity (CAN) on Vibro-Acoustic Modulation (VAM) for delaminated composite structures. The study includes theoretical analysis, simulations, and experiments, establishing an approximate solution for the nonlinear motional equation and implementing a modified Greenwood-Williamson (GW) model for physical contact. The results show promising potential for extracting nonlinear damage indexes and characterizing the degree and range of damage through the asymmetry of sidebands.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Acoustics
Mohammad Ehsani, Mahnaz Shamshirsaz, Mojtaba Sadighi, Naserodin Sepehry, Richard Loendersloot
Summary: Contact-type defects, such as bolt loosening and delamination, are common in composite constructions and sandwich panels. Contact acoustic nonlinearity can be detected by nonlinear health monitoring systems, and Vibro-acoustic modulation (VAM) is a well-established technique for early defect detection. This research aims to use PZT-based excitation for real-time monitoring of bolt loosening in a sandwich beam and improve damage detection through sensitivity analysis (SA) of input factors in VAM testing. The findings provide insights for selecting appropriate damage metrics and tuning input control parameters in real-world applications of VAM health monitoring systems.
Correction
Engineering, Manufacturing
E. R. Pierik, W. J. B. Grouve, S. Wijskamp, R. Akkerman
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Sebastiaan Van den Berg, Martin Luckabauer, Sebastiaan Wijskamp, Remko Akkerman
Summary: Currently, obtaining consistent values for the anisotropic electrical conductivity of fabric ply based thermoplastic composites is challenging. This study used six-probe voltage measurements combined with a numerical evaluation method to obtain the anisotropic electrical conductivity of this type of material. The effect of probe distance and specimen dimensions on the test results was investigated. The measurements showed low specimen to specimen variability and the obtained electrical conductivities agreed with values obtained by the rule of mixtures and the two-probe measurement method. The conducted research demonstrates that both the in- and out-of-plane electrical conductivity of polymer composites reinforced with carbon fabrics can be reliably determined simultaneously with one experiment.
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
T. H. Hoksbergen, R. Akkerman, I. Baran
Summary: This study aims to reduce the maintenance cost and levelized cost of energy of wind turbine blades and design reliable blades. By investigating the impact mechanisms and establishing a numerical model, the dynamic contact pressure between the liquid droplet and the elastic target is determined to understand the causes of rain erosion, and it can be used to determine the mechanical performance of coating systems and optimize materials and geometry.
JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Jagadeesh N. Swamy, Wouter J. B. Grouve, Sebastiaan Wijskamp, Remko Akkerman
Summary: The current study focuses on understanding the role of different void removal mechanisms in VBO processing of advanced thermoplastic composites. Two commercially available Carbon/Poly-Ether-Ketone-Ketone (C/PEKK) tape materials were evaluated, showing variations in void reduction and removal mechanisms due to differences in diffusion behavior and gas volume that needs to be removed.
JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Jagadeesh N. Swamy, Wouter J. B. Grouve, Sebastiaan Wijskamp, Remko Akkerman
Summary: This study explores the possibility of two-step automated fiber placement and vacuum-bag-only consolidation for advanced thermoplastic composites. Two commercially available carbon fiber reinforced Poly-Ether-Ketone-Ketone (C/PEKK) thermoplastic tapes were evaluated, and in-plane air evacuation channels were created by deliberately introducing gaps between the tapes in the preforms. The results show that the VBO consolidation of preforms with and without gaps yielded good consolidation quality, and the presence of gaps possibly helps accelerate the gas evacuation process.
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Acoustics
Mohammad Ehsani, Mahnaz Shamshirsaz, Mojtaba Sadighi, Naserodin Sepehry, Richard Loendersloot
Summary: Exploiting scattering and reflection related data of ultrasonic Lamb wave interactions with damage is a common approach to health monitoring of thin-walled structures, and the method can be implemented in real-time using thin PZT sensors. However, simulating Lamb wave propagation and its interaction with damage is time-consuming due to the high-frequency waves used. This study uses SBFEM to effectively model Lamb wave health monitoring of homogenous thin plates, including the electromechanical effects of piezoelectric sensors in the model to improve accuracy and compare the results to laboratory experiments.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Georgios Kafkopoulos, Vanessa M. Marinosci, Joost Duvigneau, Wouter J. B. Grouve, Sebastiaan Wijskamp, Matthijn B. de Rooij, G. Julius Vancso, Remko Akkerman
Summary: This work presents a high-performance composite adhesive system that achieves strong adhesion and high interfacial toughness in metal-polymer bonding. By applying SiPDA layers on the titanium surface, the interfacial fracture toughness is significantly improved and durable bond stability is maintained after hot/wet conditioning. These findings suggest that polydopamine-based coatings have great potential to achieve stable interfaces in the next generation of high-performance metal-polymer hybrid materials.
ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Ton Bor, Marijn de Leede, Freek Deunk, Jesper Lind, Wout Lievestro, Henk-Jan Smit, Rob Aries, Vishal Dolas, Nick Helthuis, Martin Luckabauer, Remko Akkerman
Summary: The Friction Screw Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (FSEAM) process is a newly created process for additive manufacturing of low weight-high strength aluminum and magnesium alloys in the solid state. The study focused on the influence of the feed ratio on the quality, microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated builds. Solid builds free from defects were achieved at higher feed ratios, while lower feed ratios resulted in fabrication defects and reduced elongation values.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Annemieke Meghoe, Richard Loendersloot, Tiedo Tinga
Summary: While developing prognostic models is relatively feasible nowadays, implementing and validating these models still face many challenges, including the lack of high-quality input data and limited degradation or failure data. Hence, this study proposes a generic framework for validating prognostic models with limited data based on uncertainty propagation. By using sensitivity indices, correlation coefficients, Monte Carlo simulations, and analytical approaches, the uncertainty in the output of the model can be quantified. A rail wear prognostic model is used as a demonstration, showing that by following this generic framework, the model can be validated and realistic maintenance advice can be provided to rail infrastructure managers even with limited data.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROGNOSTICS AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
T. H. Hoksbergen, R. Akkerman, I. Baran
Summary: This study presents a novel modeling method for predicting the impact fatigue lifetime of coating systems. The research finds that the droplet diameter and coating layer thickness play an important role in the system lifetime, and the overlap of stress histories results in differences between the lifetimes of single point and distributed impact locations.
TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Mariola Robakowska, Ian Gibson, Remko Akkerman, Frederik R. Wurm, Hubert Gojzewski
Summary: The presence of interfacial areas between consecutively joined layers leads to differences in the performance of 3D printed materials compared to fully cured polymer materials. This research demonstrates that incorporating nanosilica particles can strengthen the 3D printed layers of the polymer matrix and reduce microscopic inhomogeneity in the final printed materials.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
T. H. Hoksbergen, R. Akkerman, I. Baran
Summary: This study discusses a numerical modeling framework for predicting the stress state in multilayered thermoplastic/thermoset coating systems and finds that the design of the coating system significantly influences the dynamic stress state and the performance as a protection layer for wind turbine blades.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Civil
Richard Loendersloot, Natalia Ribeiro Marinho, Frank Grooteman
Summary: In this research, an impact identification algorithm is developed using both piezoelectric wafer active sensors and optical sensors. The objective is to compare the performance of different sensor methods and explore the abilities to reconstruct the impact location and energy. The initial results show that optical fibers have potential, but the signal quality is not yet sufficient for force or energy reconstruction.
EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING (EWSHM 2022), VOL 1
(2023)
