A Fourier-Transform Infrared Study of Biochar Aging in Soils

We used diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (DR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and chemical and isotopic analyses to characterize the light fraction of four contrasting soils (control and biocharamended soils) to determine changes in biochar properties after aging. Two Eucalyptus saligna Sm. wood biochars, produced at 450 degrees C (B450) and 550 degrees C (B550), were incubated separately in each of the four soils for up to 12 mo at 20, 40, and 60 degrees C. Total C and isotopic (delta C-13) methods were used to quantify the amounts of biochar C and native C mineralized during incubation. The DR-FTIR spectra of the light fraction showed distinct absorption bands representing native soil organic C, biochar C, and mineral constituents present in the soils; the mineral bands were consistent with XRD data of the clay fraction of the four soils. Analysis of the DR-FTIR spectra in the nu(C-H) bands showed that the ratio of the aromatic nu(C-H) bands systematically increased relative to the aliphatic nu(C-H) bands with increasing mineralization of biochar C in the B550 amended soils, and this relationship was unique for each soil type. In contrast, this relationship was not observed for the B450 amended soils that contained a relatively smaller proportion of aromatic C.