Article
Microbiology
Xiaoyu Liu, Zhe Chen, Xuyao Jiao, Xukai Jiang, Jicheng Qiu, Fuping You, Hongan Long, Hongzhi Cao, Casey C. Fowler, Xiang Gao
Summary: This study reveals how the human-adapted bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi produces two distinct versions of typhoid toxin and explores the differences in structure and receptor specificity between these two toxins. The study also shows that the two toxins have different glycan-binding properties, resulting in distinct functional traits.
Article
Microbiology
Xiaoyu Liu, Zhe Chen, Xuyao Jiao, Xukai Jiang, Jicheng Qiu, Fuping You, Hongan Long, Hongzhi Cao, Casey C. Fowler, Xiang Gao
Summary: This study reveals that typhoid toxin has different versions, PltB and PltC are unable to form heteromeric delivery complexes and therefore form separate toxins, PltC exhibits stronger electrostatic interactions with PltA, enabling it to outcompete PltB in toxin assembly, and PltB and PltC exhibit significant differences in glycan binding specificity.
Review
Microbiology
Amber J. Barton, Jennifer Hill, Christoph J. Blohmke, Andrew J. Pollard
Summary: This review summarizes the advances in understanding the pathogenesis of enteric fever, including mechanisms of host restriction, intestinal invasion, interactions with innate immunity, and chronic carriage, and discusses how this knowledge may advance future vaccines and antimicrobials.
FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Maryam Khan, Saba Shamim
Summary: S. Typhi is a pathogen causing typhoid fever, with over 27 million cases and 200,000 deaths globally each year. The pathogen causes infection through various virulence factors, including resistance genes, leading to resistance to multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics. The issue of antibiotic resistance has raised global concern.
Article
Immunology
Jillian S. Gauld, Franziska Olgemoeller, Eva Heinz, Rose Nkhata, Sithembile Bilima, Alexander M. Wailan, Neil Kennedy, Jane Mallewa, Melita A. Gordon, Jonathan M. Read, Robert S. Heyderman, Nicholas R. Thomson, Peter J. Diggle, Nicholas A. Feasey
Summary: This study in Blantyre, Malawi identified significant spatial heterogeneity of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever and highlighted the role of hydrological systems in the ongoing transmission.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Seth A. Hoffman, Christopher LeBoa, Kashmira Date, Pradeep Haldar, Pauline Harvey, Rahul Shimpi, Qian An, Chenhua Zhang, Niniya Jayaprasad, Lily Horng, Kirsten Fagerli, Priyanka Borhade, Savita Daruwalla, Dhanya Dharmapalan, Jeetendra Gavhane, Shrikrishna Joshi, Rajesh Rai, Varsha Rathod, Keertana Shetty, Divyalatha S. Warrier, Shalini Yadav, Debjit Chakraborty, Sunil Bahl, Arun Katkar, Abhishek Kunwar, Vijay Yewale, Jason R. Andrews, Pankaj Bhatnagar, Shanta Dutta, Stephen P. Luby
Summary: In 2018, the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation implemented a typhoid conjugate vaccine campaign, which reduced typhoid risk by 56% in vaccinated communities compared to non-vaccinated communities. The campaign targeted children aged 9 months to 14 years, with a coverage rate of 71%. The study findings support the use of mass vaccination campaigns as effective tools against typhoid fever.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Manikandan Srinivasan, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan Sindhu, Sidhartha Giri, Nirmal Kumar, Venkata Raghava Mohan, Nicholas C. Grassly, Gagandeep Kang
Summary: The study reveals that 1 in 5 children with typhoid fever continue to shed Salmonella Typhi in stool after onset of fever, with shedding persisting even after completion of antibiotic treatment. Approximately 1 in 5 households had at least 1 contact shedding S Typhi, indicating potential concurrent typhoid infections in settings with poor water and sanitation.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Christopher B. Uzzell, Dilip Abraham, Jonathan Rigby, Catherine M. Troman, Satheesh Nair, Nicola Elviss, Lalithambigai Kathiresan, Rajan Srinivasan, Veeraraghavan Balaji, Nicolette A. Zhou, John Scott Meschke, Jacob John, Gagandeep Kang, Nicholas Feasey, Venkata Raghava Mohan, Nicholas C. Grassly
Summary: Environmental surveillance can be used for the prevention of typhoid fever and vaccine introduction, and it can describe the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella Typhi even in the absence of typhoid cases.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Megan E. Carey, Ruby Jain, Mohammad Yousuf, Mailis Maes, Zoe A. Dyson, Trang Nguyen Hoang Thu, To Nguyen Thi Nguyen, Thanh Ho Ngoc Dan, Quynh Nhu Pham Nguyen, Jaspreet Mahindroo, Duy Thanh Pham, Kawaljeet Singh Sandha, Stephen Baker, Neelam Taneja
Summary: The study in Northern India identified 66 S. Typhi organisms with antimicrobial resistance, including 7 strains with R717Q mutation in the acrB gene conferring resistance to azithromycin and 6 strains with triple mutations in gyrA and parC genes leading to ciprofloxacin resistance. This findings suggest an urgent need for typhoid conjugate vaccines introduction in South Asia as an emerging broader problem of antimicrobial resistance.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Megan Birkhold, Aziza Mwisongo, Andrew J. Pollard, Kathleen M. Neuzil
Summary: Typhoid fever remains a significant health burden in children in Asia and Africa, but recent studies show that the typhoid conjugate vaccine is safe and effective at preventing the disease. Countries like Pakistan, Liberia, and Zimbabwe have introduced the vaccine, and a multidisciplinary approach is needed to decrease the burden and mortality of typhoid fever.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Bing Hu, Peibin Hou, Lin Teng, Song Miao, Lijiang Zhao, Shengxiang Ji, Tao Li, Corinna Kehrenberg, Dianmin Kang, Min Yue
Summary: This study conducted a retrospective investigation into a community outbreak of typhoid fever in Lanling, China in 2016. The genomic analysis showed that the Salmonella Typhi isolate from drinking water was responsible for the outbreak, with a high similarity to the isolates from patients in terms of genomic content, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed that these isolates were clonal variants. Furthermore, phylogeographical analysis suggested that the outbreak isolates were evolutionarily linked to isolates from the United Kingdom and Vietnam.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jobin John Jacob, Agila Kumari Pragasam, Karthick Vasudevan, Balaji Veeraraghavan, Gagandeep Kang, Jacob John, Vasant Nagvekar, Ankur Mutreja
Summary: Recent reports have shown the emergence and spread of extensively drug resistant H58 Salmonella Typhi clone in Pakistan. In India, sporadic cases of ceftriaxone resistant S. Typhi have been reported, with resistance due to short term persistence of plasmids such as IncX3 (blaSHV-12) or IncN (blaTEM-1B + blaDHA-1). Continuous monitoring of plasmid-mediated cephalosporin resistant genes in S. Typhi lineages is crucial to prevent potential dissemination events globally.
Review
Mathematics
Sanubari Tansah Tresna, Subiyanto, Sudradjat Supian
Summary: This article explains and summarizes the published articles on the typhoid disease transmission model, providing insights into the transmission of Salmonella among humans and vectors and the effects of interventions on controlling the spread of typhoid disease.
Article
Immunology
Megan Birkhold, Shrimati Datta, Gi Deok Pak, Justin Im, Olakayode O. Ogundoyin, Dare Olulana, Taiwo A. Lawal, Oludolapo O. Afuwape, Aderemi Kehinde, Marie-France Phoba, Gaelle Nkoji, Abraham Aseffa, Mekonnen Teferi, Biruk Yeshitela, Oluwafemi Popoola, Michael Owusu, Lady Rosny Wandji Nana, Enoch G. Cakpo, Moussa Ouedraogo, Edgar Ouangre, Isso Ouedraogo, Anne-Sophie Heroes, Jan Jacobs, Ondari D. Mogeni, Andrea Haselbeck, Leah Sukri, Kathleen M. Neuzil, Octavie Lunguya Metila, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Abdramane Soura Bassiahi, Raphael Rakotozandrindrainy, Iruka N. Okeke, Raphael M. Zellweger, Florian Marks
Summary: This study demonstrates that typhoid intestinal perforation (TIP) is the most serious complication of typhoid fever in certain regions of Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria. Many cases of TIP may not be reported as typhoid due to limited diagnostic capabilities in these countries.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Biology
Shu-Jung Chang, Yu-Ting Hsu, Yun Chen, Yen-Yi Lin, Maria Lara-Tejero, Jorge E. Galan
Summary: Typhoid toxin, produced by Salmonella Typhi within host cells, is transported to the extracellular space through vesicle carriers. The sorting receptor and cellular machinery involved in the packaging and transport of typhoid toxin have been identified. Specific effectors of type III protein secretion systems determine the formation of typhoid toxin carriers in the Salmonella Typhi-containing vacuole. Rab11B, Rip11, VAMP7, SNAP23, and Syntaxin 4 play important roles in the intracellular transport and fusion of the toxin carriers.