Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bettina Strommer, Alexander Battig, Daniele Frasca, Dietmar Schulze, Christian Huth, Martin Bohning, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The incorporation of nanoparticles like multilayer graphene into elastomeric composites improves their technical performance, such as mechanical behavior and electrical conductivity. Traditional filler types usually fulfill single purposes and require high loadings, while a small amount of multilayer graphene can reduce filler content and maintain the multifunctional characteristics of rubber composites.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Alexander Battig, Karla Itzel Garfias Gonzalez, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study investigates the application of sustainable, biogenic flame retardant adjuvants for epoxy resins and finds that zoological products can act as fillers to enhance the synergistic effect of flame retardants.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fu-Rong Zeng, Bo-Wen Liu, Zi-Hao Wang, Jia-Yan Zhang, Xue-Lian Chen, Hai-Bo Zhao, Yu-Zhong Wang
Summary: In this study, multifunctional biophenolic nanospheres were developed, which can be stimuli-responsive and reversibly assembled based on multiple directional interactions. These nanospheres can be repeatedly disassembled, removed, reassembled, and reused sustainably. They show excellent mechanical enhancement, aging resistance, and durable flame retardancy in thermoset foams.
ACS MATERIALS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wen An, Jianzhong Ma, Qunna Xu, Hui Zhang, Linfeng Wei, Liu Yuan
Summary: A study was conducted to prepare LDH-rGO nanocomposite latex with excellent flame retardant properties, which, when sprayed on leather surfaces, significantly improved both fire safety and mechanical properties, showcasing immense application potential in vehicles and furniture.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Henri Vahabi, Fouad Laoutid, Mehrshad Mehrpouya, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Philippe Dubois
Summary: This review paper focuses on recent developments in flame retardant polymer materials, with a particular emphasis on qualitative and quantitative analyses of their flame retardant properties. It also highlights advancements in designing precise structures through innovative technologies and the flame retardancy performances of 3D printing. The strategies driving innovative flame retardant polymer materials and 3D printing technology are approaching a practical juncture in the near future.
MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING R-REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Jenny Alongi, Rony Aad, Paolo Ferruti, Elisabetta Ranucci
Summary: This study investigates the enhancement of cotton flame retardancy through the interaction between Ca2+ ions and aspartic acid-derived polyamidoamine (M-ASP). The presence of Ca2+ ions improves the thermal stability of cotton treated with M-ASP, surpassing the efficacy of glycine-derived polyamidoamine (M-GLY). Horizontal flame spread tests demonstrate that M-ASP/CaCl2 provides better protection for cotton compared to M-ASP, and the effect of Ca2+ ions on cotton/M-ASP is greater than on cotton/M-GLY. In vertical flame spread tests, M-ASP fails to stop cotton combustion, but M-ASP/CaCl2 coatings with low add-ons inhibit cotton ignition and leave almost intact mass.
Article
Polymer Science
Tingting Liu, Feng Wang, Gen Li, Peng Liu, Chong Gao, Yanfen Ding, Shimin Zhang, Xiangrong Kong, Mingshu Yang
Summary: MH nanoparticles were successfully grafted with DOPO through WD70 to improve flame retardancy in EVA. The grafted MH nanoparticles showed better dispersion and enhanced properties in EVA nanocomposites. This study offers a novel method to enhance flame-retardant efficiency while maintaining mechanical properties in polymer materials.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Gaojian Lin, Tengfei Fu, Yinan Qiu, Fei Li, Weifu Sun
Summary: To develop a polyurea (PUA) composite coating with excellent flame retardant and anti-impact performance, modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and two-dimensional (2D) nanofillers of graphene oxide (GO) and Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) were introduced into the PUA matrix. The PUA composite exhibited remarkable flame-retardant and fire protective performance, with a significant decrease in burn out time and total heat release. The dynamic mechanical properties of the PUA composite showed a strong strain rate effect, while the energy dissipating capacity and anti-impact performance of the PUA matrix were not substantially damaged. The PUA composites with LDH and GO formed stronger bonding with the steel compared to neat PUA.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Shupin Chen, Hongqiang Li, Xuejun Lai, Shifeng Zhang, Xingrong Zeng
Summary: The authors presented a new strategy for preparing superhydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabric by coating multiple layers on the fabric surface. The resulting fabric exhibited high water contact angle, anti-adhesion properties, self-cleaning capabilities, and efficient oil-water separation, as well as excellent flame retardancy.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Eui Jin, Yeong-Jin Chung
Summary: This study investigated the combustion characteristics of cypress wood coated with metal oxides as an interior building material. The results showed that the coated specimens exhibited improved burning properties, with SnO2SS coating showing the best effect.
WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Xin Jiang, Fukai Chu, Xiaoyu Luo, Yuan Hu, Weizhao Hu
Summary: This study aims to improve the flammability and brittleness issues of BMI and reduce the reliance on petroleum-based materials. Three types of cardanol-based co-curing agents were synthesized and applied to modify BMI. The modified BMI showed enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy compared to the neat BMI. Additionally, the impact strength of the modified BMI was significantly improved by incorporating the co-curing agents.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Peng Liu, Jiandi Ling, Taoyan Mao, Feng Liu, Wenzhi Zhou, Guojie Zhang, Fengwei Xie
Summary: Starch is a renewable and biodegradable resource that can be used to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly materials. In this study, starch/Ca2+ gels based on different types of corn starch were explored as flame-retardant adhesives. The gels showed stability and increased cohesion with higher amylose content, resulting in improved adhesive properties on various surfaces. The starch/Ca2+ gels also exhibited excellent flame retardancy. A simple method for preparing starch-based flame-retardant adhesives using a CaCl2 solution was demonstrated.
Article
Polymer Science
Yanlin Liu, Binbo Wang, Songqi Ma, Xiwei Xu, Jianfan Qiu, Qiong Li, Sheng Wang, Na Lu, Jiale Ye, Jin Zhu
Summary: A study introduces phosphate-based epoxy covalent adaptable networks (CANs) with reprocessability, degradability, and flame retardancy, offering a simple method to produce bio-based and fire-safe thermosets.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Wang Xie, Qiuru Bao, Yuan Liu, Hui Wen, Qi Wang
Summary: Efficiently improving the flame retardancy of a polymer without compromising comprehensive properties has always been the goal of flame retardant research; a new compound with multiple hydrogen-bonding reaction sites was designed for polyvinyl alcohol, achieving high-performance flame retardancy; the study overcomes the shortcomings of traditional flame retarding approaches and provides an effective strategy for preparing flame retardant polymers with excellent performance.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Baku Nagendra, Andreas Leuteritz, E. Bhoje Gowd
Summary: Decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes with layered double hydroxides as fillers can significantly improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of isotactic polypropylene. The formation of a jammed network and effective char formation can restrict the transport of volatile compounds.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Lars-Hendrik Daus, Bernhard Schartel, Volker Wachtendorf, Rolf Mangelsdorf, Manfred Korzen
Summary: This study systematically investigated the weathering-induced degradation of a common water-based intumescent coating, identifying the most vulnerable substances and improving its weathering resistance by exchanging ingredients. The coatings were tested by artificial weathering and fire tests, laying the foundation for the development of a new generation of water-based intumescent coatings.
JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Alexander Battig, Patrick Mueller, Annabelle Bertin, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A rigid aromatic phosphorus-containing hyperbranched flame retardant structure (PDTT) synthesized from specific compounds showed promising fire performance when incorporated into epoxy resin, demonstrating reductions in heat release and effective heat of combustion, along with an increase in glass transition temperature.
MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Chao Ma, Feng Zhou, Yuan Hu, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: An alternative phosphorous soybean-oil-based polyol was used for flexible polyurethane foams synthesis, with the addition of 5% and 10% expandable graphite (EG) to improve flame retardancy. The combination of phosphorous polyols and EG showed significantly enhanced flame retardancy, with a three times increase in char yield, indicating a potential strategy for future flame retarded FPUFs.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Julio Marti, Bernhard Schartel, Eugenio Onate
Summary: This article analyzes the capability of a new computational strategy based on the particle finite element method for simulating a bench-scale cables burning test. Two cables with differently flame retarded materials were selected as samples, and the numerical results show accurate prediction of temperature evolution and melting of the jacket.
JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Chao Ma, Feng Zhou, Yuan Hu, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A series of flexible polyurethane foams with different concentrations of flame retardants, bis([dimethoxyphosphoryl]methyl) phenyl phosphate (BDMPP), and either melamine (MA) or expandable graphite (EG) were prepared and studied. The synergistic effect of BDMPP and EG on flame retardancy was highlighted, with EG showing excellent smoke suppression during burning and MA significantly reducing the peak heat release rate. The combination of BDMPP and EG, along with MA, offers an approach to enhance flame retardancy and smoke suppression.
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bettina Strommer, Alexander Battig, Daniele Frasca, Dietmar Schulze, Christian Huth, Martin Bohning, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The incorporation of nanoparticles like multilayer graphene into elastomeric composites improves their technical performance, such as mechanical behavior and electrical conductivity. Traditional filler types usually fulfill single purposes and require high loadings, while a small amount of multilayer graphene can reduce filler content and maintain the multifunctional characteristics of rubber composites.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mohamed Ali Wahab, Katharina Kebelmann, Bernhard Schartel, Gareth Griffiths
Summary: The valorization of macroalgae digestate as a secondary resource can lead to the production of high value chemicals through pyrolysis, while the filtered liquid fraction can be used as an alternative culture media for microalgae growth. The digestates showed improved biooil profiles compared to the raw macroalgae. The pyrolyzates from the digestates contained high-value chemicals and the liquid digestate positively influenced microalgae growth.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Alexander Battig, Karla Itzel Garfias Gonzalez, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study investigates the application of sustainable, biogenic flame retardant adjuvants for epoxy resins and finds that zoological products can act as fillers to enhance the synergistic effect of flame retardants.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
F. Robert Gleuwitz, Alexander Battig, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study introduces a potentially abundant protein-rich waste resource for the manufacturing of flame-retardant epoxy biocomposites and investigates the influence of biomass fillers on curing and thermal degradation behavior. The experiments show that nonvegan fillers have a good charring effect under specific conditions. This research provides potential for utilizing protein-based flame retardants from industrial insect rearing in the future.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in polyurethane foams (PUFs): expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs improves the flame retardancy of PUFs by charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, offering significant advantages.
Article
Polymer Science
Bettina Strommer, Dietmar Schulze, Bernhard Schartel, Martin Boehning
Summary: Tailored crosslinking in elastomers is crucial for their technical applications. Incorporating few-layer graphene (FLG) affects the crosslinking behavior of natural rubber, accelerating the kinetics of sulfur-based curing systems and showing little influence on peroxide-based systems. Vulcanometer measurements are suitable for monitoring the complex vulcanization process of such nanocomposite systems.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xu Chengzhang, Alexander Battig, Bernhard Schartel, Renee Siegel, Jürgen Senker, Inge von der Forst, Carlo Unverzagt, Seema Agarwal, Andreas Moeglich, Andreas Greiner
Summary: The study explored the thermal stability of proteinase K under conditions applicable for polymer melt processing, finding that the enzyme showed little activity loss even at temperatures as high as 150 degrees C. The resistance of bulk proteinase K to thermal treatment was slightly enhanced by absorption into polyacrylamide particles, and the enzyme retained around 2% enzymatic activity after being subjected to 200 degrees C temperature for 5 minutes.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Maximilian Mund, Dustin Hassler, Peter Schaumann, Sascha Hothan, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: Intumescent coatings are used to improve fire resistance and aesthetic appearance of steel structures. The durability of the coating and its performance under weathering conditions are essential factors to consider. This paper presents experimental investigations on the expansion behavior, thermal performance, and reactions during foaming in case of fire of two types of intumescent coatings. The research results were obtained from the IGF research project 20470 N.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Johannes U. Lenz, Doris Pospiech, Hartmut Komber, Andreas Korwitz, Oliver Kobsch, Maxime Paven, Rolf W. Albach, Martin Guenther, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants on rigid polyisocyanurate foams was studied by varying the chemical structure of the flame retardants. Different compounds, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), were compared in terms of foam properties, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior. The results showed that DOPO was more effective when the flame retardant acted as a filler or dangling end in the foam polymer network, while BPPO was superior when incorporated as a subunit in the network.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Guadalupe Sanchez Olivares, Alexander Battig, Sebastian M. Goller, Daniel Rockel, Victor Ramirez Gonzalez, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study investigates the influence of adding intumescent additives to the tanning process on the flame retardancy of leather. The results demonstrate the crucial role played by specific compounds in enhancing the flame retardant effects of leather, resulting in reduced heat release rate, burning lengths, and smoke release.
