Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Marwan Abdulqader, Hammad R. Khalid, Mohammed Ibrahim, Saheed K. Adekunle, Mohammed A. Al-Osta, Shamsad Ahmad, Muhammad Sajid
Summary: Using calcined clays and limestone powder to make limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a promising emerging technology. This study explored the feasibility of using local Saudi clays for LC3 concrete, and the results showed that LC3 concrete had low shrinkage and high resistance to chloride ingress through clinker substitution.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Thiago Costa Cardoso, Paulo Ricardo de Matos, Lucas Py, Marlon Longhi, Oswaldo Cascudo, Ana Paula Kirchheim
Summary: The study found that the total clay content in cement was the main parameter controlling the fresh properties of pastes. Isothermal calorimetry showed that changes in clinker replacement level or clay/limestone ratio did not significantly affect the sulfate demand of cement. Compressive strength tests revealed that ternary blends with 45 wt% clinker replacements had higher strengths compared to those with 55 wt% clinker replacement.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Keshav Bharadwaj, O. Burkan Isgor, W. Jason Weis
Summary: Thermodynamic modeling was used to study the performance of Portland-limestone cements (PLC) when combined with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). It was found that cements with higher alumina content exhibit more ettringite formation. The decrease in porosity was most significant in PLC+metakaolin systems, indicating the potential for more effective use of SCM.
ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Agustin Rossetti, Tai Ikumi, Ignacio Segura, Edgardo F. Irassar
Summary: The paper evaluates how early aggressive exposure affects the sulfate resistance of blended cements containing limestone filler and/or calcined clay. Results indicate superior sulfate resistance of compositions with high calcined clay content over limestone filler addition. Additionally, the research suggests that the pozzolanic reaction progresses enough to reduce sulfate ingress even at early exposure conditions.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Fragkoulis Kanavaris, Manuel Vieira, Shashank Bishnoi, Zengfeng Zhao, William Wilson, Arezki Tagnit Hamou, Francois Avet, Arnaud Castel, Franco Zunino, Talakokula Visalaksh, Fernando Martirena, Susan A. Bernal, Maria C. G. Juenger, Kyle Riding
Summary: This paper reviews the major standards and codes related to the use of calcined clay materials and limestone fines in concrete construction. It suggests changes that could increase adoption and clinker replacement, aiming to facilitate the wider application of these materials in the construction industry.
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ricarda Sposito, Matthias Maier, Nancy Beuntner, Karl-Christian Thienel
Summary: The study compares the impact of blending different cementitious systems with calcined clays for the first time, and explores the role of tailor-made PCE in regulating flowability and early strength development.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Nancy Beuntner, Karl-Christian Thienel
Summary: This study investigated the hydration behavior of cement with the addition of calcined clays using four established methods. The results showed that the type, chemical-mineralogical composition, and fineness of the calcined clays significantly affected their reaction mechanism with aluminate clinker phases in the cement.
ADVANCES IN CEMENT RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ting Yu, Baifa Zhang, Haozhe Guo, Qiang Wang, Dong Liu, Jiarong Chen, Peng Yuan
Summary: This study investigated the possibility of using calcined clay and limestone as partial replacements for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the preparation of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). The results showed that LC3 had higher compressive strength and a compact microstructure compared to OPC. However, excessive replacement ratio weakened the mechanical properties due to the inhomogeneous microstructure.
APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Isabel M. R. Bernal, Miguel A. G. Aranda, Isabel Santacruz, Angeles G. De la Torre, Ana Cuesta
Summary: Limestone Calcined Clay Cements (LC3) is a material that can achieve up to 40% CO2 emissions savings and has competitive mechanical performances after one week. However, the initial reactivity of LC3 needs improvement. In this study, a multitechnique approach was used to understand the early age reactivities of LC3, and it was found that the Al-O interatomic correlation position and intensity in the synchrotron pair distribution function (sPDF) could be a good descriptor for early age reactivity. The results were complemented by Al-27 MAS-NMR studies, which showed that the rate of pozzolanic reaction at early ages is influenced by the particle size, surface area, and local disorder of metakaolin.
JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Edgardo F. Irassar, Viviana L. Bonavetti, Gisela P. Cordoba, Viviana F. Rahhal, Claudia Cristina Castellano, Horacio A. Donza
Summary: The performance of five composite Portland cements (CPCs) with limestone filler (LF) and calcined illite clay (CIC) was analyzed in paste, mortar, and concrete. The results showed that the intergrinding of CPCs with LF + CIC increased the specific surface area and improved the early age strength development. The addition of CIC decreased the mortar flow and strength, while LF + CIC content influenced the compressive strength and water penetration of concretes. The chloride migration coefficient was reduced with increased CIC and decreased LF content in CPC.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Franco Zunino, Karen Scrivener
Summary: The addition of TEA, TIPA, and DEIPA enhances the aluminate reaction in cement, promoting hydration and improving pore structure and mechanical properties of the cement. The reaction rate of metakaolin is not affected by the addition of TEA, regardless of the iron content in the clay.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ran Li, Lei Lei, Tongbo Sui, Johann Plank
Summary: This study found that using calcined clay in composite cements significantly increases water demand, while PCE superplasticizers have a significant impact on flow properties. The research suggests that commercially available PCE products can effectively improve the flow performance of OPC/CC blended cements.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nosheen Blouch, Khuram Rashid, Idrees Zafar, Mounir Ltifi, Minkwan Ju
Summary: In this study, 19 different natural clays from various locations in Pakistan were examined for their potential use in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) production. The clays were characterized and prioritized based on seven significant criteria. The compressive strength of LC3 was evaluated using the top ten clays after calcination. Correlation analysis showed that all criteria, except for Fe2O3 and CaO, were positively correlated with compressive strength. Incorporating low-grade kaolinite in LC3 can lead to higher compressive strength compared to standard cement. Even clays with lower grades can achieve a significant percentage of the standard compressive strength.
APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Brandon Lorentz, Natallia Shanahan, A. Zayed
Summary: In this study, low quality kaolins (LQK) were used as supplementary cementitious materials to investigate their influence on paste rheological performance. The flow properties were significantly affected by metakaolin content rather than material particle size, surface area or porosity. Analyzing paste rheology following the Reiner-Riwlin procedure allows for the construction of a linear yield stress model based on all solids' Particle size distribution (PSD) and raw LQK kaolinite content, offering insight for mix design addressing the negative rheological influences caused by LQK with mineralogical and microstructural heterogeneity.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Emmanuel Safari Leo, Mark G. Alexander, Hans Beushausen
Summary: A major challenge in the cement industry is reducing its impact on climate change, as CO2 emissions are increasingly regulated and taxed. The high cost of cement production due to energy consumption is also a concern. This study examines the performance of LC3 mortars with clays from selected deposits in Africa and various binder combinations, focusing on compressive strength and hydration products. The findings suggest that, for these specific clays, the optimal clinker content is 55%, with calcined clay and limestone contents of 35% and 10% respectively.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2023)