Review
Parasitology
Molly D. Savadelis, Tom L. McTier, Kristina Kryda, Steven J. Maeder, Debra J. Woods
Summary: Heartworm disease remains a significant and pathogenic disease in dogs, despite the regular use of preventive products. Some strains of D. immitis have developed resistance to the only available drug class, macrocyclic lactones (MLs), for heartworm prevention in the United States. The optimization of dose and formulation of moxidectin provides a unique opportunity to improve efficacy against ML-resistant strains. Two new products, ProHeart (R) 12 and Simparica Trio (R), have demonstrated 100% preventive efficacy against recent field strains of heartworm, offering important advances in heartworm prevention for veterinarians and pet owners.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2022)
Article
Parasitology
Tom L. McTier, Susan Holzmer, Kristina Kryda, Sean Mahabir, John W. McCall, Jami Trombley, Steven J. Maeder
Summary: ProHeart 12 was more effective in preventing the development of ML-resistant heartworm strain JYD-34 compared to Heartgard Plus and Interceptor Plus in both studies. Heartgard Plus and Interceptor Plus showed lower efficacy with consecutive monthly doses.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2021)
Review
Parasitology
Roger K. Prichard
Summary: Heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis and transmitted by mosquitoes, is a lethal disease in dogs and cats. Prevention primarily relies on macrocyclic lactones, with resistance to these drugs being an important issue that requires better testing methods for confirmation and surveillance of resistance levels. Additional research and development of new classes of heartworm preventives are needed to combat the spread of resistance and further disease.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Sonia Gomes-de-Sa, Patricia Barradas, Luis Queiros-Reis, Isabel M. Matas, Irina Amorim, Luis Cardoso, Antonio Munoz-Merida, Joao R. Mesquita
Summary: This study conducted genomic de novo assembly of a D. immitis specimen using long-read nanopore-based sequencing technology. It also identified loci associated with macrocyclic lactone resistance, highlighting the potential risk of overusing macrocyclic lactone in the region.
Review
Microbiology
Anastasia Diakou, Roger K. Prichard
Summary: D. immitis infection is a severe parasitic disease in dogs, but prevention can be achieved through the use of MLs drugs. ML-resistant strains of D. immitis have been proven to exist in the Lower Mississippi region, USA, but not reported in Europe. The establishment and spread of resistance is challenging, highlighting the importance of monitoring ML resistance globally.
Article
Parasitology
Lisa M. Young, Scott Wiseman, Elizabeth Crawley, Kim Wallace, Daniel E. Snyder
Summary: The study demonstrated the effectiveness of the combination product in preventing heartworm disease and its good tolerability in dogs; all treated dogs remained heartworm negative, showing 100% prevention efficacy.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2021)
Article
Parasitology
Jamie A. E. Myers, Susan Holzmer, John W. McCall, Sean P. Mahabir, Tom L. McTier, Steven J. Maeder, Kristina Kryda
Summary: This study compared the efficacy of Simparica Trio with Heartgard Plus and Interceptor Plus in preventing the development of ML-resistant heartworm strain. The results showed that six consecutive monthly doses of Simparica Trio had the highest effectiveness in preventing heartworm development.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2022)
Review
Parasitology
Timothy G. Geary
Summary: Despite the perception that heartworm is a solved problem in veterinary medicine, increasing frequency and geographic distribution of heartworm infections, along with resistance to preventative therapies, pose ongoing challenges. The lack of basic information on heartworms limits research into new prevention and treatment methods. Recent advances in technical platforms and laboratory animal models offer opportunities for discovering new drugs, diagnostic biomarkers, and parasite-derived molecules, as well as insights into the host-parasite relationship.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Kennedy Mwacalimba, Deborah Amodie, Lisa Swisher, Marina Moldavchuk, Christopher Brennan, Claire Walther, Kelly Bowman
Summary: The study found that injectable moxidectin had a higher 12-month preventive purchase compliance rate compared to monthly heartworm disease preventives, generating more revenue for veterinary hospitals.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Jorge Isidoro Matos, Sara Nieves Garcia-Rodriguez, Noelia Costa-Rodriguez, Alicia Caro-Vadillo, Elena Carreton, Jose Alberto Montoya-Alonso
Summary: This study assessed the diagnostic value of echocardiography tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in determining the presence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in dogs with heartworm disease. The TDI measurements showed significant differences between dogs with and without PH, and cut-off values with excellent sensitivity and specificity were found. The TDI mode may be a useful adjunct diagnostic method for PH in dogs with Dirofilaria immitis.
Article
Parasitology
Karen Ann Ward, Linda Susan Jacobson, Aveline Baldasan Lacaden, Kelly Ann Harrison
Summary: This retrospective study evaluated modified three-dose melarsomine treatment protocols in a shelter setting and compared them to the American Heartworm Society (AHS)-recommended protocol. The results showed that using the new protocols can increase the lifesaving capacity and improve the quality of life for shelter dogs by reducing the duration of exercise restriction and length of stay.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Remy Betous, Anthony Emile, Hua Che, Eva J. Guchen, Didier Concordet, Thavy Long, Sandra Noack, Paul M. Selzer, Roger Prichard, Anne Lespine
Summary: Nematode parasites enter their definitive host as infectious larvae and DAF-12 plays a role in their development to adulthood. The filarial nematodes' DAF-12 exhibit higher sensitivity to ligands and can be specifically activated by mammalian sera. These findings suggest that filarial nematodes have evolved to sense and adapt to their host environment to resume larval development.
Article
Microbiology
Lucienne Tritten, Erica J. Burkman, Tobias Clark, Guilherme G. Verocai
Summary: Two novel miRNA candidates secreted by D. immitis larvae have been identified, which could serve as specific diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of infection.
Article
Parasitology
Andrew R. Moorhead, Christopher C. Evans, Kaori Sakamoto, Michael T. Dzimianski, Abdelmoneim Mansour, Utami DiCosty, Crystal Fricks, Scott McCall, Ben Carson, C. Thomas Nelson, John W. McCall
Summary: According to the study, using doxycycline prior to adulticide administration can effectively reduce the levels of Wolbachia and its associated metabolites, which are a leading cause of pulmonary pathology. The current guidelines recommend a 30-day wait period after using doxycycline, but this wait period may not be necessary. Therefore, reducing the wait period and doxycycline dosage may bring practical benefits to animals, pet owners, and veterinarians.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2023)
Article
Parasitology
Jeff M. Gruntmeir, Jeff R. Abbott, Peter E. Kima, Maureen T. Long, Byron L. Blagburn, Heather S. Walden
Summary: Heat treatment was found to increase the sensitivity of commercial heartworm antigen tests, particularly in cases of single sex or low infection intensities. The heat also caused denaturation of antibodies, affecting antigen detection.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2023)