Article
Physics, Applied
Mariacarla Gonzalez, Razvigor Ossikovski, Tatiana Novikova, Jessica C. Ramella-Roman
Summary: A Mueller matrix can characterize the polarimetric properties of a medium, and parameters like depolarization, retardance and diattenuation can be obtained through decomposition methods. The introduction of a simplified 3 x 4 Mueller matrix and decomposition algorithm provides an effective way to measure and characterize samples, calculating properties such as depolarization, retardance and orientation.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Muaz Iqbal, Shamim Khan, Banat Gul, Manzoor Ahmad, Iftikhar Ahmad
Summary: Mueller matrix polarimetry quantifies changes in polarization of light beam through a sample, but multiple polarization effects occurring simultaneously in tissues can hinder unique interpretation. Various decomposition schemes, such as Mueller matrix transformation and Mueller matrix differential decomposition, are used to untangle these effects. Comparing these two methods for tissue and phantom samples revealed consistent total depolarization values but significant differences in total retardance. Linear fitting of the scatter plot showed good correlation between corresponding polarization parameters of the two methods.
BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND CONTROL
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Wanrong Gao
Summary: This work introduces the concept of anisotropic dielectric susceptibility matrix of anisotropic medium for both nondepolarizing and depolarizing medium, providing a new way of analyzing light scattering properties of anisotropic media illuminated by polarized light. The explicit expressions for the elements of the scattering matrix, Jones matrix, and Mueller matrix are given, which may prove stimulating for researchers working on new methods for analyzing light scattering properties.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Optics
Dongjin Wu, Wanrong Gao, Ying Chang
Summary: This work presents a simplified cylinder-birefringence optical model of the human skin dermis and measures the polarization parameters of human fingernail skin. The accuracy and stability of the Mueller matrix polarization decomposition (MMPD) and the direct Mueller matrix (DMM) methods are compared under different incident and scattering angles. A significant contribution of this study is the use of a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography device to obtain the value of birefringence of the skin dermis from living human index finger nail images. The results provide a basis for selecting incident and scattering angles when measuring biological samples with fibrous structures in the future.
OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Optics
Haoyu Zhai, Yanan Sun, Honghui He, Binguo Chen, Chao He, Yi Wang, Hui Ma
Summary: Mueller matrix polarimetry is gaining attention in the field of biophotonics for its potential in label-free detection of tissue microstructures and optical properties. This study introduces an image fusion method based on color spaces to combine different Mueller matrix derived parameters, providing multi-dimensional structural information in a single polarization staining image. Experimental results demonstrate the ability to accurately distinguish different fibrous structures and the potential for precise abnormal tissues detection and pathological diagnoses with the integration of machine recognition systems and artificial intelligence techniques.
OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Surojit Bhunia, Shubham Chandel, Sumanta Kumar Karan, Somnath Dey, Akash Tiwari, Susobhan Das, Nishkarsh Kumar, Rituparno Chowdhury, Saikat Mondal, Ishita Ghosh, Amit Mondal, Bhanu Bhusan Khatua, Nirmalya Ghosh, C. Malla Reddy
Summary: Living tissue utilizes stress-accumulated electrical charge for wound closure, while self-repairing synthetic materials typically need external stimuli. However, piezoelectric bipyrazole organic crystals autonomously self-heal with crystallographic precision.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Binguo Chen, Yuxiang Lan, Haoyu Zhai, Liangyu Deng, Honghui He, Hua Mao, Hui Ma
Summary: Mueller matrix polarimetry is widely used in biomedical studies to provide microstructural information about tissues. A study compared two popular methods, MMPD and MMT, in tissue polarimetry, evaluating the parameters derived from both methods and proposing modified MMT parameters for specific tissue types, offering suggestions for future biomedical and clinical applications.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Optics
Ahmar Khaliq, Sumara Ashraf, Banat Gul, Iftikhar Ahmad
Summary: Mueller matrix polarimetry is an important tool for studying the polarization properties of biological tissues, and can extract the polarization parameters of samples from the M matrix. A comparison between the MMPD and MMT methods in the regime of 3 x 3 M shows that there is a good correlation between the two decomposition methods.
OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Optics
Bo Jiang, Kai Meng, Kamal Youcef-Toumi
Summary: This paper quantifies the error induced by Poisson-Gaussian noise on normalized Mueller matrix measurements through statistical analysis and proposes a method based on maximum likelihood estimation to mitigate these effects in spectroscopic ellipsometry signal demodulation. The noise is characterized through experiments on an in-house setup, and improved performance in dimension reconstruction is demonstrated through simulations.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Stevie Brown, Ewan Cruickshank, John M. D. Storey, Corrie T. Imrie, Damian Pociecha, Magdalena Majewska, Anna Makal, Ewa Gorecka
Summary: This study reports liquid-crystal materials with up to three nematic phases, each exhibiting different properties such as ferroelectric order, apolar order, and local antiferroelectric order. The modification of molecular structure through increasing lateral fluorine substituents leads to a direct isotropic-ferronematic phase transition in one of the materials.
Article
Optics
Y. Chang, W. Gao
Summary: This new method allows for directly obtaining polarization properties from measured macroscopic Mueller matrices without the need for decomposition. By analyzing the canonical decomposition form of macroscopic Mueller matrices, the method accurately derives the parameters representing polarization and depolarization properties of a medium. The theoretical validation demonstrates the high accuracy of this method in extracting polarization properties from measured Mueller matrices.
OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhen Wang, Jinho Byun, Subin Lee, Jinsol Seo, Bumsu Park, Jong Chan Kim, Hu Young Jeong, Junhyeok Bang, Jaekwang Lee, Sang Ho Oh
Summary: This study investigates the characteristics of ZnO polar surfaces and their influence on the evaporation and crystal growth of ZnO nanostructures. The results demonstrate that the evaporation and crystal growth rates of ZnO vary significantly on different surfaces, with the Zn-terminated ZnO (0001) polar surface exhibiting the fastest rates. The evaporation process on the polar surface accelerates dramatically at approximately 300 degrees C, resulting in the formation of a few nanometer-thick quasi-liquid layer. This quasi-liquid layer controls the dissociative evaporation of ZnO by reacting with Zn and O-2 vapors and the underlying ZnO crystal, and facilitates the desorption of O-2 molecules by catalyzing the disordering of the ZnO lattice.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wen'ai Wang, Guoqiang Chen, Yanqiu Li
Summary: Malignant melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer, is often misdiagnosed using conventional visual examination. Polarization imaging techniques have shown potential in improving diagnostic accuracy. In this study, a homemade high-fidelity Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter was used to analyze and differentiate human skin tissue sections. The results showed that vectorial retardance yielded higher accuracy rates than scalar retardance. A color-encoded vectorial retardance imaging method was implemented to address the clinical challenge of reading and analyzing each component of vectorial retardance. This work enables early diagnosis of skin cancer and provides a detailed analysis of cancer progression.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhengfeng Guo, Honggang Gu, Yali Yu, Zhongming Wei, Shiyuan Liu
Summary: Optical anisotropy in SnSe is utilized to design broadband and incident-angle-modulation near-infrared polarizers, with high modulation efficiency and no energy consumption. The broadband polarizer has a bandwidth of 324 nm and an average extinction ratio above 23 dB, while the incident-angle-modulation polarizer dynamically and reversibly modulates its working wavelength with a maximum extinction ratio of 71 dB. The proposed design opens up possibilities for mass-production and integration of polarizing optical components based on low-symmetry materials.
Article
Optics
Yi-Hsin Lin, Yu-Jen Wang, Hung-Chun Lin, Ming-Long Lee, Po-Lun Chen
Summary: This paper investigates optical wave propagation through a curved-birefringent medium with anisotropic absorption. An optical model based on the Mueller matrix was built to predict the spatial distributions in light intensity and polarization. Experimental demonstrations using ellipsometry were also performed to showcase the use of the optical model.
Article
Optics
N. Bennis, T. Jankowski, P. Morawiak, A. Spadlo, D. C. Zografopoulos, J. M. Sanchez-Pena, J. M. Lopez-Higuera, J. F. Algorri
Summary: In this work, a technique to generate aspherical liquid crystal lenses with positive and negative optical power is experimentally demonstrated. The technique utilizes micro-metric electrode with variable spatial size as the main enabling element. By gradually decreasing resistance and uniformly distributing voltage, the desired phase profiles are achieved, resulting in parabolic profiles for both positive and negative optical powers.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Paulina Zieja, Marzena Tykarska, Przemyslaw Morawiak, Wiktor Piecek
Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the molecular structure of compounds with a polar trifluoromethoxy (-OCF3) group on the induction strength of the orthogonal smectic A (SmA) phase. The length of the rigid core was found to have the greatest effect on the induction strength, while the length of the alkyl chain had a relatively minor influence. By considering the dipole moments and polarisability of the molecules, the correlation between molecular structure and induction strength can be explained, with shorter molecules showing a more significant impact on the temperature and concentration range of the orthogonal SmA phase.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
N. Bennis, T. Jankowski, O. Strzezysz, A. Pakua, D. C. Zografopoulos, P. Perkowski, J. M. Sanchez-Pena, J. M. Lopez-Higuera, J. F. Algorri
Summary: This work presents the application of an experimental nematic liquid crystal (LC) mixture in a large aperture lens. The LC material, composed of terphenyl and biphenyl derivatives compounds, exhibits high birefringence and low viscosity. The excellent properties of this LC mixture make it of interest for lenses and optical devices in both visible and infrared regions.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
A. Ghanadzadeh Gilani, N. Khoshroo, M. Mohammadi, P. Kula, N. Rychlowicz
Summary: The phase diagram and optical properties of the nematic mixtures containing two-isothiocyanatobenzene liquid crystals (7CHBT and 9CHBT) were investigated using refractometry and DSC measurements. The thermodynamic and optical properties of the eutectic mixture (E79) composed of 7CHBT and 9CHBT were identified and compared with the Schroder-van Laar calculation. The temperature dependence of the nematogen parameters on the refractive index was analyzed using a modified four-parameter model, and the order parameters and polarizabilities of the nematic compounds were calculated through birefringence measurements. Additionally, the eutectic mixture and one of the constituent components (7CHBT) exhibited important liquid crystal parameter, crossover temperature (TCO), which is significant for specific applications such as optical devices and nonlinear optics.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Marta Pytlarczyk, Jakub Herman, Michal Czerwinski, Yuki Arakawa, Hideto Tsuji, Przemyslaw Kula
Summary: This paper introduces a method for synthesizing deuterated liquid crystals using a continuous flow system, and demonstrates through experiments and theoretical calculations that deuterium-labeled liquid crystals exhibit increased photochemical stability. The physical and chemical properties of deuterated and non-labeled liquid crystals are also compared.
Article
Optics
Esther Nabadda, Noureddine Bennis, Michal Czerwinski, Aleksandra Walewska, Leszek R. Jaroszewicz, Maria del Mar Sanchez-Lopez, Ignacio Moreno
Summary: In this work, a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) modulator with a large switching rotation angle close to 90 degrees is fabricated and characterized. The modulator acts as a switchable wave-plate with an in-plane rotation of the principal axis under bipolar voltage. The device behaves as a binary pi phase modulator independently of the input state of polarization in the ideal situation of half-wave retardance. Physico-chemical properties of the liquid crystalline mixture used to fabricate the FLC modulator with such a large switching angle are provided. The device optical properties are characterized, and the polarization-independent pi phase shift is demonstrated using an adapted Young's type interferometer.
OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Anna Drzewicz, Natalia Sokulska, Ewa Juszynska-Galazka, Aleksandra Deptuch, Malgorzata Jasiurkowska-Delaporte, Przemyslaw Kula
Summary: The phase behavior, vibrational and relaxation dynamics of the liquid crystal 2',3'-difluro-4-nonyl-4-heptyl-para-terphenyl (abbreviated as 7T9) were investigated using various techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform absorption infrared spectroscopy, and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of infrared spectra was employed to study the changes in molecular arrangement and specific interactions during phase transitions. The compound exhibited two crystal phases and three liquid crystal phases, namely smectic C, smectic A, and nematic. The absorption band related to the bending vibrations of methyl groups was found to be sensitive to intra- and intermolecular interactions in different thermodynamic states of the 7T9 compound. Additionally, a low-frequency relaxation process following an Arrhenius-type behavior was observed in the high-temperature crystal phase.
Article
Physics, Applied
M. Praveen Kumar, Jakub Karcz, Przemyslaw Kula, Smarajit Karmakar, Surajit Dhara
Summary: The electroviscous effect in a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal was experimentally studied. By optimizing the synthetic route, a higher yield was obtained. The increase in viscosity under a low electric field was found to be proportional to E-2. The ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal exhibited a viscoelectric coefficient 2 orders of magnitude larger than apolar nematic liquid crystals and the largest ever measured for a fluid. Under a high electric field, the apparent viscosity showed a power-law divergence followed by a drop below the N-N-F phase transition. Rapid growth of polar domains was observed under a strong electric field approaching the N-N-F phase transition. The gigantic electroviscous effects demonstrated in this study have significant implications for emerging applications and understanding electrohydromechanical effects in ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals.
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Abinash Barthakur, Jakub Karcz, Przemyslaw Kula, Surajit Dhara
Summary: The recent discovery of polar order (ferroelectric) nematic liquid crystals has generated significant interest. Despite extensive research, there are still several physical properties of this liquid crystal that need to be investigated and understood. In this study, we conducted experiments to analyze the surface alignment, birefringence, and flexoelectric coefficient of a polar nematic liquid crystal. Our findings demonstrate the influence of splay fluctuations on birefringence above the temperature at which the phase transition from nonpolar to polar nematic occurs. Additionally, we observed a power-law dependence of the flexoelectric coefficient on temperature, indicating a strong coupling between pretransitional ferroelectric fluctuations and the external field. These results have both practical applications and contribute to a better understanding of pretransitional effects in ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals.
PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Inge Nys, Sunqian Liu, Yu-Nung Huang, Olga Strzezysz, Przemyslaw Kula, Kristiaan Neyts
Summary: Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are used increasingly in photonic devices for their lightweight and compact nature. The use of photo-aligned liquid crystal (LC) devices allows for efficient control of light direction and polarization. Research on 1D LC diffraction gratings based on the geometric phase principle shows that the optical functionality can be significantly expanded by using dual frequency LC. By adjusting the frequency of the applied electric field, switching between highly efficient diffractive and transmissive states is achieved.
ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mateusz Mrukiewicz, Pawel Perkowski, Jakub Karcz, Przemyslaw Kula
Summary: We investigated the electrical properties of the liquid crystal compound RM734, which exhibits a ferroelectric nematic phase. The effects of AC and DC electric fields on the switching process of polarization vector and dielectric constant were examined. The decrease in the permittivity in the ferronematic phase and the creation of ferroelectric order in the nematic phase under a DC field were demonstrated. A new model considering the domain structure of the ferronematic phase was proposed.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Anna Pakula, Slawomir Pasko, Pawel Marc, Olimpia Kursa, Leszek R. Jaroszewicz
Summary: Rapid detection of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) using spectral measurements and AI data processing algorithm to classify eggs' origin has been proposed in this study. The classification results for white eggshells and brown eggshells achieved F-scores of 99% and scores of 99% respectively, using a portable multispectral fibre-optics reflectometer. This non-destructive optical measurement method can be easily applied on the farm and scaled up for mass production of eggs.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jakub Karcz, Natan Rychlowicz, Malgorzata Czarnecka, Antoni Kocot, Jakub Herman, Przemyslaw Kula
Summary: This article introduces a compound with unique physical properties, and reports on its design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties. It is the first example of a compound exhibiting an enantiotropic ferroelectric nematic phase.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sayani Das, Przemyslaw Kula, Susanta Sinha Roy
Summary: This study reported a novel application of LC in an optical aptasensor for the sensitive detection of amoxycillin antibiotic. The developed biosensor showed a low limit of detection and high specificity, and was successfully used to detect amoxycillin in tap water and lake water samples.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Anna Drzewicz, Ewa Juszynska-Galazka, Malgorzata Jasiurkowska-Delaporte, Przemyslaw Kula
Summary: This article provides insight into the complex crystallization phenomena of a chiral smectogenic liquid crystal. The kinetics of cold crystallization under different conditions are described, revealing different mechanisms for slow and fast heating. The dimensionality of the crystallites and the kinetics of the process are dependent on the heating rate. Additionally, the melt crystallization under isothermal conditions is discussed, indicating isotropic three-dimensional crystal growth.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yanbin Wang, Xinyou Huang, Ziqiu Cheng, Penghui Chen, Yuyang Chen, Junhao Ye, Haohong Chen, Zhenzhen Zhou, Denis Yu Kosyanov, Jiang Li
Summary: Uniform Al2O3-Ce:LuAG composite phosphor ceramics (CPCs) with excellent luminescent properties and thermal stability have been successfully synthesized in this study, showing great potential for application in solid-state laser lighting.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Syed Muhammad Ali Zaidi, Mazhar Ali Kalyar, Zulfiqar Ali Raza, Aayesha Shoukat, Rubaila Waseem, Muhammad Aslam
Summary: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite strips embedded with graphene nanosheets and copper-ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using solution casting technique. Laser pulse irradiations were then applied to modify the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the strips, showing potential for optoelectronic devices.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yunru Chen, Jialing Wu, Jiajia Wang, Shihui Ma, Hongwei Yu
Summary: This paper investigates the angular non-critical phase-matching second-harmonic-generation properties of Ba3(ZnB5O10)PO4 crystal and explores its potential applications in the output spectral regions.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qun Jing, Menglin Zhu, Lu Li, Xu Ji, Haiming Duan, Henglei Chen, Ming-Hsien Lee
Summary: The paper introduces two new nonlinear optical materials, MZnPO4 (M = Rb, Cs), synthesized by cation substitution. These materials exhibit a honeycomb-like structure and show mild SHG responses with short absorption edges. The thermal properties, IR spectra, and theoretical calculations of the materials are also discussed.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Camila Ianhez-Pereira, Akhil Kuriakose, Ariano De Giovanni Rodrigues, Ana Luiza Costa Silva, Ottavia Jedrkiewicz, Monica Bollani, Marcio Peron Franco de Godoy
Summary: This study aims to evaluate the crystalline changes induced by ultrafast laser micromachining on manganese oxide thin films using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results show that laser-writing is effective in locally modifying low-crystallinity films and increasing crystallite sizes, highlighting an interesting approach to evaluate laser-induced structural modifications on metal oxide thin films.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kamal Bansal, Neeraj Kumar Mishra, Ibrahim Abdullahi, Param Jeet Singh, Mohit Tyagi, Sukhpal Singh
Summary: A novel Sm3+ activated oxyfluoride glass was synthesized and its structure and properties were analyzed. The glass showed potential applications in lasers, optical temperature sensing, and high-energy scintillators.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xingjian Wang, Zhixu Wu, Jiawei Zhu, Yubin Kang, Mengqiang Cai, Yong Xia, Hui Deng
Summary: Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has been investigated as a promising material for visible light photodetectors due to its non-toxicity, stability, and high absorption coefficient. In this study, we systematically explored the impact of key parameters on the performance of Sb2S3 devices using simulation and successfully fabricated self-powered photodetectors with high responsivity and specific detectivity. Furthermore, we demonstrated the application of the Sb2S3 detector in a scanning imaging system, showcasing its potential for developing new types of visible light detectors and imaging systems.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
O. I. Sallam, R. M. Ahmed
Summary: The 20NaF-60P2O5-20Na2O fluorophosphate glass systems doped with 3 wt% of CoO and NiO were investigated for their optical parameters before and after gamma irradiation. The presence of defects within the glass network and the addition of transition metals were found to affect the properties of the composites. After irradiation, a red shift was observed in the dissipation factor spectrum. The energy lost at the surface of the composites was larger than the energy lost within the constituent materials. All investigated composites showed insulating behavior and exhibited increased nonlinear optical parameters after irradiation, with the CoO-doped composite showing the highest values.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fahimeh Ahmadi, Zeinab Ebrahimpour, Asghar Asgari, Bao Van
Summary: In this study, Er3+-doped sulfophosphate glasses containing titanium nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized. The impact of AgNPs on the physical and structural characteristics, optical absorption and emission features, and photocatalytic activity of the glasses were investigated. The results showed that the addition of AgNPs enhanced the emission intensity of the glasses, with the system containing 0.04 mol% of AgNPs exhibiting optimal performance. Furthermore, the presence of AgNPs and TiO2 NPs in the glass matrix positively affected the photocatalytic performance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhuang Li, Rongfei Huang, Wei Yuan, Shaoqiang Zheng, Wenlu Liao, Huiying Xu, Zhiping Cai
Summary: This study reports the first realization of an 868 nm Pr:YLF laser pumped by an InGaN blue laser diode. The laser achieved a maximum power of 641 mW with stable output and good beam quality. The experimental results were in agreement with theoretical simulations.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bhishma Karki, Youssef Trabelsi, Amrindra Pal, Sofyan A. Taya, Ram Bharos Yadav
Summary: This study proposes an SF11 Prism- Ag- ZnO nanowires-CeO2-Sensing layer-based surface plasmon resonance sensor for measuring dopamine concentration in human blood. The sensor demonstrates high sensitivity and detection accuracy, and holds significant importance for early diagnosis of neurological diseases.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. Taoufiq, A. Soussi, A. Elfanaoui, A. Ait Hssi, S. Baoubih, A. Ihlal, K. Bouabid
Summary: In this study, the effect of copper doping within ZnS on glass substrates was investigated through experimental and theoretical approaches. Pure ZnS and Cu-doped ZnS films with varying copper concentrations were deposited on glass substrates using the SILAR technique. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films were characterized, and the theoretical FP-LAPW method based on density functional theory was employed to study the properties of copper-doped ZnS.
