期刊
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
卷 71, 期 -, 页码 484-505出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.018
关键词
Astrocytic syncytium; Connexins Kir4.1 inhibition by PKC; L-channels for Ca2+; Learning; Memory; Migraine; Na+,K+-ATPase; Na+,K+-ATPase-mediated exit of 3 Na+; versus entry of 2 K+ creates extracellular hypertonicity and cell shrinkage; NKCC1,a cotransporter of Na+,K+,2 Cl- and water; Pannexin; Post-stimulatory undershoot; Potassium; Regulatory volume increase; Traumatic brain injury; Vasopressin
Initial clearance of extracellular K+ ([K+](0)) following neuronal excitation occurs by astrocytic uptake, because elevated [K+]0 activates astrocytic but not neuronal Na+,K+-ATPases. Subsequently, astrocytic IV' is re-released via Kir4.1 channels after distribution in the astrocytic functional syncytium via gap junctions. The dispersal ensures widespread release, preventing renewed [K+](0) increase and allowing neuronal Na+,K+-ATPase-mediated re-uptake. Na+,K+-ATPase operation creates extracellular hypertonicity and cell shrinkage which is reversed by the astrocytic cotransporter NKCC1. Inhibition of Kir channels by activation of specific PKC isotypes may decrease syncytial distribution and enable physiologically occurring [K+](0) increases to open L-channels for Ca2+, activating [K+](0)-stimulated gliotransmitter release and regulating gap junctions. Learning is impaired when M. is decreased to levels mainly affecting astrocytic membrane potential or Na+,K+-ATPase or by abnormalities in its a2 subunit. It is enhanced by NKCC1-mediated ion and water uptake during the undershoot, reversing neuronal inactivity, but impaired in migraine with aura in which [K+](0) is highly increased. Vasopressin augments NKCC1 effects and facilitates learning. Enhanced myelination, facilitated by astrocytic-oligodendrocytic gap junctions also promotes learning. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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