Article
Chemistry, Physical
Akshay Bhujbal, K. A. Venkatesan, Bhalchandra M. Bhanage
Summary: A new protic ionic liquid [HmPip][OTf] was successfully synthesized and used for aluminum electrodeposition, resulting in bright aluminum deposits. The findings indicate the potential application of this new liquid in the field of aluminum electrodeposition.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Abdulcabbar Yavuz, Necip Fazil Yilmaz, Murat Artan
Summary: The study successfully prepared flexible and inexpensive electrodes using ionic liquids to form Fe-Cu alloy coatings, which exhibited good supercapacitive performance in 1 M KOH electrolyte.
JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiao-Tian Hu, Jian-Gang Qian, Ying Yin, Xin Li, Tie-Jun Li, Jing Li
Summary: This paper presents an available process to obtain metallic state molybdenum deposit from ionic liquid. It is found that elementary Mo layer can be electrodeposited under constant current in ionic liquid BMIMBF4. The properties of the Mo layer are significantly affected by additive ethylene glycol (EG), deposition temperature, and current density. By considering different technical factors, optimized process parameters are obtained as volume ratio of 2:1 in BMIMBF4 + EG system, deposition temperature of 150°C, and current density of 0.75 mA·cm(-2).
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xueshan Sun, Xuezhen Wang, Yingli Wan, Yafei Guo, Tianlong Deng, Xiaoping Yu
Summary: This article introduces a functional ionic liquid with high electroconductivity and extraction rate, which can effectively separate Li+ and Mg2+ from high Mg/Li ratio brine. The extraction system can efficiently extract Mg2+ and Ca2+ and can be used for extracting metallic Mg from lithium-rich brine, avoiding the dehydration and high temperature melting steps in the traditional electrolysis process. This technology is simple and low energy consumption, providing a new strategy for the effective exploitation of Li and Mg resources in salt lake brine.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Abderrahman Atifi, Donna L. Baek, Robert V. Fox
Summary: This study demonstrated the efficient electrochemical recovery of dysprosium in triflate-based systems, while shedding light on the impact of solvation and coordination interplays on the electrodeposition process of rare earth elements in ionic liquids.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jingling Lu, Cunying Xu, Jianru Li, Shuxian Wang, Qinqin Xiang, Xiao Chen, Yixin Hua, Yan Li
Summary: This study investigates the effects of nicotinic acid (NA) on the electrodeposition of Al-Mn alloy in aluminum chloride-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids. It is found that the addition of NA increases the nucleation overpotential of Al-Mn alloy and inhibits the reduction reaction of Al(III) and Mn(II). The morphology, composition, roughness, and crystal structure of the alloy coating are strongly affected by the presence of NA.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Pieter Geysens, Pin-Cheng Lin, Jan Fransaer, Koen Binnemans
Summary: A new class of organic electrolytes has been developed for room temperature electrodeposition of rare-earth metals, using rare-earth salts and borohydride salts dissolved in ether solvents. The electrolytes allow for the deposition of neodymium- or dysprosium-containing layers, and were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and various analytical techniques to confirm the presence of metallic neodymium and dysprosium in the deposits.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
H. Simunkova, T. Lednicky, A. H. Whitehead, L. Kalina, P. Simunek, J. Hubalek
Summary: Fabrication of tantalum-based nanotube arrays was achieved through porous anodic alumina assisted electrodeposition, with the electrolyte employing an ionic liquid solvent, leading to impurities in the nanotubes. Analysis showed the nanotubes to be semiconducting, which is significant for potential applications in microelectronic devices.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yilong Kuang, Fan Jiang, Tianqi Zhu, Hongyan Wu, Xinye Yang, Shaofu Li, Chaoquan Hu
Summary: A one-step electrodeposition approach was developed to create a micro-nano superhydrophobic structure on copper surface using Choline chloride (ChCl)-based ionic liquid as the electrolyte. The electrodeposited superhydrophobic coating exhibited a contact angle of 157.8 degrees, showing exceptional corrosion resistance and protective effects on the Cu substrate when tested in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yu Yang, Jian Hao, Junying Xue, Shikun Liu, Caixia Chi, Jiupeng Zhao, Yongjun Xu, Yao Li
Summary: This study coelectrodeposited Al-Ga composite from ionic liquid, resulting in higher specific capacity and longer cycling life compared to single Ga/Al electrode. The coelectrodeposition provides a new way to address the issue of easily broken and cracked electrode materials, while improving cycle stability and high capacity to a certain extent.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
C. Andrew, M. Dhivya, M. Jayakumar
Summary: Ionic liquids have emerged as potential replacements to conventional electrolytes, but their poor solubility towards different metal salts limits their capacity to obtain solutions with higher metal ion concentrations. This study successfully addresses this issue by combining neutral ligand with ionic liquid. Spectroscopic and voltammetric analysis demonstrate the deposition of samarium using trimethyl phosphate on glassy carbon electrode, showing uniform distribution and substantial coexistence of metallic samarium and oxide form.
JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kennalee Orme, Donna L. Baek, Robert Fox, Abderrahman Atifi
Summary: The study conducted a comprehensive investigation on the influence of water on dysprosium electrodeposition in an ionic liquid and found that water introduction has multiple impacts on various aspects of the deposition process, such as reduction pathways, coordination, and nucleation. While water introduction improved reduction rates and Faradaic efficiency, it also led to instability and limited purity of the deposited dysprosium metal. High water content also triggered a hydrogen evolution reaction, affecting system efficiency.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wei-Sheng Chen, Guo-Cai Jian, Cheng-Han Lee
Summary: In this study, the extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) from waste neodymium magnets using phosphorus ionic liquid Cyphos IL 104 was investigated. The experimental parameters of the extraction and stripping process were optimized, and it was found that the method can efficiently recover and separate heavy rare earth elements.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yun Deng, Ian Beadham, Tianyue Yang, Guang Wang, Feiyue Song, Wenquan Ruan
Summary: We have developed a novel approach for palladium (Pd) recovery using the ionic liquid 1-cyanopyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C(3)CNmim][Cl]) and potassium phosphate (K3PO4). The results showed that Pd extraction can reach 100% with a [C(3)CNmim][Cl]-based aqueous biphasic system. Pure palladium was obtained after electrodeposition and calcination. This method offers a more environmentally friendly and efficient way for Pd recovery on an industrial scale.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Inam M. A. Omar, Madzlan Aziz, Khadijah M. Emran
Summary: A novel ionic liquid [FPIM]Br was used as an additive for cobalt and nickel electrodeposition, leading to finer-grained deposits with increased current efficiency, hardness, and corrosion resistance. The additive served as an effective brightener, producing highly uniform and smooth Co and Ni deposits. Adsorption of [FPIM](+) was observed on the copper substrate, following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Samuel Bertolini, Timo Jacob
Summary: The study modified the eReaxFF method to allow electrons to modify valence energy, improving the description of the reaction path. By adjusting the methodology when electrons are present, the overall accuracy of the force field and the depiction of angles within molecules were enhanced.
JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Bjoern Kirchhoff, Christoph Jung, Hannes Jonsson, Donato Fantauzzi, Timo Jacob
Summary: The activity and stability of platinum nanoparticles are influenced by their shape. In this study, a simulation method was used to investigate the oxidation process and behavior of platinum nanoparticles with different shapes, and a relationship between oxidation behavior and surface structure was established.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Laura Braunwarth, Christoph Jung, Timo Jacob
Summary: This study uses molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure and dynamics of electrode-electrolyte interfaces, focusing on the Pt(111)/water interface. The results reveal changes in water molecule orientation and intermolecular ordering, challenging previous assumptions about their correlation to free charge density. This work contributes to our understanding of electric double layers and electrochemical processes.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jan Niklas Hausmann, Pramod Menezes, Gonela Vijaykumar, Konstantin Laun, Thomas Diemant, Ingo Zebger, Timo Jacob, Matthias Driess, Prashanth W. Menezes
Summary: This article reports a new method of growing hierarchical nanostructures on nickel foam, and successfully doped iron element for oxidation reactions and oxygen evolution reaction. The results show that iron doping is more suitable for oxidation reactions, which can generate higher current density and Faradaic efficiency. In the oxygen evolution reaction, the iron-doped nickel foam electrode can achieve the current density required by industry and maintain stable performance. This article reveals the effects of iron doping and its impact on the reaction mechanism.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Editorial Material
Electrochemistry
Maren-Kathrin Heubach, Fabian M. Schuett, Ludwig A. Kibler, Areeg Abdelrahman, Timo Jacob
Summary: The Front Cover of this issue features the research conducted by Professor Timo Jacob's group at Ulm University, showcasing the in-situ scanning tunnelling microscopy study of sodium deposition on the Au(111) single crystal surface.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Matthias Uhl, Tanja Geng, Philipp A. Schuster, Benjamin W. Schick, Matthias Kruck, Alexander Fuoss, Alexander J. C. Kuehne, Timo Jacob
Summary: By replacing the electrolyte with a deep eutectic solvent and using a polymer as the electrode, an all-organic battery can be achieved. The combination of different solvents and salt concentrations affects the stability and viscosity of the battery. The eutectic mixture with a 1:6 ratio offers the best balance between stability and viscosity.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Evelyn Artmann, Lukas Forschner, Konstantin M. Schuettler, Mohammad Al-Shakran, Timo Jacob, Albert K. Engstfeld
Summary: Researchers propose a simple method for the preparation of nanoporous gold films, which can be achieved by high voltage electrolysis or anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis. The structural properties of the resulting films can be controlled by adjusting the electrolysis conditions and the reduction reaction conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Florian Fiesinger, Daniel Gaissmaier, Matthias van den Borg, Julian Bessner, Adri C. T. van Duin, Timo Jacob
Summary: One of the key challenges in the development of magnesium-ion batteries (MIB) is the formation of a passivating boundary layer at the magnesium anode. A Mg/O ReaxFF parameter set was developed to accurately model the degradation process of the magnesium anode by O-2 impurities. It was found that O-2 immediately dissociates upon first contact with the magnesium anode, leading to high temperatures and further oxidation. The trained force field can be used to study reactions in Mg-air batteries and the oxidation of magnesium metal in general.
Article
Electrochemistry
Daniel Rutz, Ingolf Bauer, Felix Brauchle, Timo Jacob
Summary: In this study, user-defined reference electrodes based on LFP were fabricated using an ultrashort pulse laser. The results showed that these electrodes have minimal impact on the cell capacity and can provide reproducible voltage output at low to moderate C-rates. They also do not affect the cell expansion during cycling.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Julia Bord, Bjoern Kirchhoff, Matthias Baldofski, Christoph Jung, Timo Jacob
Summary: Density functional theory (DFT) is utilized to investigate the electronic structure of platinum clusters on different graphene substrates. The size and defects of both the clusters and the graphene substrates are examined. The results reveal that larger vacancies lead to stronger binding of Pt clusters, while defect-free graphene shows more exothermic formation energy with increasing cluster size. Oxygen-free graphene supports are crucial for successful attachment of Pt, and cluster stability depends on the number and ratio of Pt-C, Pt-Pt, and Pt-O bonds rather than the cluster geometry.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hongyuan Yang, Pramod V. Menezes, Guoliang Dai, Gonela Vijaykumar, Ziliang Chen, Mohammad Al-Shakran, Timo Jacob, Matthias Driess, Prashanth W. Menezes
Summary: Developing bifunctional electrodes for oxidation catalysis is highly desirable for hydrogen and value-added chemicals production. Here, we directly activate the nickel foam through the incorporation of elemental P (P-NF) using a facile, controllable, and ultrafast in-liquid plasma electrolysis approach. The practical bifunctionality of P-NF is additionally verified with selective oxygenation of organics forming value-added chemicals.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Changbin Im, Bjorn Kirchhoff, Igor Krivtsov, Dariusz Mitoraj, Radim Beranek, Timo Jacob
Summary: Computational investigation of PCN materials can lead to better understanding and optimization strategies. Thermochemical calculations predict stable structural motifs and show that condensed PCN domains in a less condensed framework can have desirable optical properties.
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lukas Forschner, Evelyn Artmann, Timo Jacob, Albert K. Engstfeld
Summary: Applying an external potential difference between two electrodes leads to a voltage drop in an ion conducting electrolyte. The electrolyte potential is relevant in electrochemistry and various applications such as bipolar electrochemistry, ohmic microscopy, or contact glow discharge electrolysis. This study focuses on the electrolyte potential during high voltage electrolysis in an electrolysis cell using reversible hydrogen electrodes as reference electrodes. A computational COMSOL model is used to support the experimental findings, and the influence of cell geometry on the electrolyte potentials is evaluated. The amount of oxide formed during high voltage electrolysis is found to be related to the current rather than the applied voltage, based on the knowledge of potential distribution.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Bjoern Kirchhoff, Christoph Jung, Daniel Gaissmaier, Laura Braunwarth, Donato Fantauzzi, Timo Jacob
Summary: Nanoparticles (NPs) as heterogeneous catalysts have large active surface area and size-dependent catalytic properties. The ability to computationally predict the most favorable NP structures for catalytic reactions is important for material optimization. However, simulations of NP model systems present unique challenges to computational scientists and require different data analysis strategies compared to simulations of single crystal surface models. This work aims to review analytical methods and data analysis strategies for extracting thermodynamic trends from NP simulations.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Andreas Hoffmann, Matthias Uhl, Maximilian Ceblin, Felix Rohrbach, Joachim Bansmann, Marcel Mallah, Holger Heuermann, Timo Jacob, Alexander J. C. Kuehne
Summary: In this study, carbonization of polyacrylonitrile nanofiber nonwovens using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet was explored. The resulting carbon nanofiber nonwovens showed high conductivity and surface roughness, making them suitable for supercapacitor electrode applications with good capacitance performance.
C-JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Laetitia Bardet, Herve Roussel, Stefano Saroglia, Masoud Akbari, David Munoz-Rojas, Carmen Jimenez, Aurore Denneulin, Daniel Bellet
Summary: The thermal instability of silver nanowires leads to increased electrical resistance in AgNW networks. Understanding the relationship between structural and electrical properties of AgNW networks is crucial for their integration as transparent electrodes in flexible optoelectronics. In situ X-ray diffraction measurements were used to study the crystallographic evolution of Ag-specific Bragg peaks during thermal ramping, revealing differences in thermal and structural transitions between bare and SnO2-coated AgNW networks.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nathalia Cancino-Fuentes, Arnau Manasanch, Joana Covelo, Alex Suarez-Perez, Enrique Fernandez, Stratis Matsoukis, Christoph Guger, Xavi Illa, Anton Guimera-Brunet, Maria V. Sanchez-Vives
Summary: This study provides a comprehensive characterization of graphene-based solution-gated field-effect transistors (gSGFETs) for brain recordings, highlighting their potential clinical applications.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sikandar Aftab, Hailiang Liu, Dhanasekaran Vikraman, Sajjad Hussain, Jungwon Kang, Abdullah A. Al-Kahtani
Summary: This study examines the effects of hybrid nanoparticles made of NiO@rGO and NiO@CNT on the active layers of polymer solar cells and X-ray photodetectors. The findings show that these hybrid nanoparticles can enhance the charge carrier capacities and exciton dissociation properties of the active layers. Among the tested configurations, the NiO@CNT device demonstrates superior performance in converting sunlight into electricity, and achieves the best sensitivity for X-ray detection.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hyo Jung Shin, Seung Gyu Choi, Fengrui Qu, Min-Hee Yi, Choong-Hyun Lee, Sang Ryong Kim, Hyeong-Geug Kim, Jaewon Beom, Yoonyoung Yi, Do Kyung Kim, Eun-Hye Joe, Hee-Jung Song, Yonghyun Kim, Dong Woon Kim
Summary: This study investigates the role of SOX9 in reactive astrocytes following ischemic brain damage using a PLGA nanoparticle plasmid delivery system. The results demonstrate that PLGA nanoparticles can reduce ischemia-induced neurological deficits and infarct volume, providing a potential opportunity for stroke treatment.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Anurag Chaudhury, Koushik Debnath, Nikhil R. Jana, Jaydeep K. Basu
Summary: The study investigates the interaction between nanoparticles and cell membranes, and identifies key parameters, including charge, crowding, and membrane fluidity, that determine the adsorbed concentration and unbinding transition of nanoparticles.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sina Sadeghi, Fazel Bateni, Taekhoon Kim, Dae Yong Son, Jeffrey A. Bennett, Negin Orouji, Venkat S. Punati, Christine Stark, Teagan D. Cerra, Rami Awad, Fernando Delgado-Licona, Jinge Xu, Nikolai Mukhin, Hannah Dickerson, Kristofer G. Reyes, Milad Abolhasani
Summary: In this study, an autonomous approach for the development of lead-free metal halide perovskite nanocrystals is presented, which integrates a modular microfluidic platform with machine learning-assisted synthesis modeling. This approach enables rapid and optimized synthesis of copper-based lead-free nanocrystals.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zahir Abbas, Nissar Hussain, Surender Kumar, Shaikh M. Mobin
Summary: The rational construction of free-standing and flexible electrodes for electrochemical energy storage devices is an emerging research focus. In this study, a redox-active metal-organic framework (MOF) was prepared on carbon nanofibers using an in situ approach, resulting in a flexible electrode with high redox-active behavior and unique properties such as high flexibility and lightweight. The prepared electrode showed excellent cyclic retention and rate capability in supercapacitor applications. Additionally, it could be used as a freestanding electrode in flexible devices at different bending angles.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lishan Zhang, Xiaoting Zhang, Hui Ran, Ze Chen, Yicheng Ye, Jiamiao Jiang, Ziwei Hu, Miral Azechi, Fei Peng, Hao Tian, Zhili Xu, Yingfeng Tu
Summary: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising local treatment modality in cancer therapy, but its therapeutic efficacy is restricted by ineffective delivery of photosensitizers and tumor hypoxia. In this study, a phototactic Chlorella-based near-infrared (NIR) driven green affording-oxygen microrobot system was developed for enhanced PDT. The system exhibited desirable phototaxis and continuous oxygen generation, leading to the inhibition of tumor growth in mice. This study demonstrates the potential of using a light-driven green affording-oxygen microrobot to enhance photodynamic therapy.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yujin Li, Jing Xu, Xinqi Luo, Futing Wang, Zhong Dong, Ke-Jing Huang, Chengjie Hu, Mengyi Hou, Ren Cai
Summary: In this study, hollow heterostructured materials were constructed using an innovative template-engaged method as cathodes for zinc-ion batteries. The materials exhibited fast Zn2+ transport channels, improved electrical conductivity, and controlled volume expansion during cycling. The designed structure allowed for an admirable reversible capacity and high coulombic efficiency.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Paritosh Mahato, Shashi Shekhar, Rahul Yadav, Saptarshi Mukherjee
Summary: This study comprehensively elucidates the role of the core and electrostatic surface of metal nanoclusters in catalytic reduction reactions. The electrostatic surface dramatically modulates the reactivity of metal nanoclusters.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Pei Liu, Mengdi Liang, Zhengwei Liu, Haiyu Long, Han Cheng, Jiahe Su, Zhongbiao Tan, Xuewen He, Min Sun, Xiangqian Li, Shuai He
Summary: This study demonstrates a simple and environmentally-friendly method for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanozymes (ZnO NZs) using wasted hop extract (WHE). The WHE-ZnO NZs exhibit exceptional peroxidase-like activity and serve as effective catalysts for the oxidation of 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In addition, a straightforward colorimetric technique for detecting both H2O2 and glucose was developed using the WHE-ZnO NZs as peroxidase-like catalysts.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hyunkyu Oh, Young Jun Lee, Eun Ji Kim, Jinseok Park, Hee-Eun Kim, Hyunsoo Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Bumjoon J. Kim
Summary: Mesoporous carbon particles have unique structural properties that make them suitable as support materials for catalytic applications. This study investigates the impact of channel nanostructures on the catalytic activity of porous carbon particles (PCPs) by fabricating PCPs with controlled channel exposure on the carbon surface. The results show that PCPs with highly open channel nanostructures exhibit significantly higher catalytic activity compared to those with closed channel nanostructures.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yunjie Lu, Zhaohui Li, Zewei Li, Shihao Zhou, Ning Zhang, Jianming Zhang, Lu Zong
Summary: A tough, long-lasting adhesive and highly conductive nanocomposite hydrogel (PACPH) was fabricated via the synergy of interfacial entanglement and adhesion group densification. PACPH possesses excellent mechanical properties, interfacial adhesion strength, and conductivity, making it a promising material for long-term monitoring of human activities and electrocardiogram signals.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zichao Wei, Audrey Vandergriff, Chung-Hao Liu, Maham Liaqat, Mu-Ping Nieh, Yu Lei, Jie He
Summary: We have developed a simple method to prepare polymer-grafted plasmonic metal nanoparticles with pH-responsive surface-enhanced Raman scattering. By using pH-responsive polymers as ligands, the aggregation of nanoparticles can be controlled, leading to enhanced SERS. The pH-responsive polymer-grafted nanoparticles show high reproducibility and sensitivity in solution, providing a novel approach for SERS without the need for sample pre-concentration.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Melis Ozge Alas Colak, Ahmet Gungor, Merve Buldu Akturk, Emre Erdem, Rukan Genc
Summary: This research investigates the effect of functionalizing carbon dots with hydroxyl polymers on their performance as electrode materials in a supercapacitor. The results show that the functionalized carbon dots exhibit excellent electrochemical performance and improved stability.