The influence of eugenol, benzocaine and ice water on the welfare of adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of eugenol, benzocaine, and ice water during the sedative, anesthetic or euthanasia processes on the welfare of adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The experimental design was randomized and the animals were divided into eight groups. Sixty-two animals underwent an acclimation period. The neutral group used to obtain basal data of grass carp were not subjected to treatments, but anesthetized to collect blood samples and euthanized by medullary section. The others seven groups were submitted to seven treatments with eight repetitions (control group; ethanol; eugenol 50 mgL(-1), eugenol 250 mgL(-1), benzocaine 100 mgL(-1), benzocaine 300 mgL(-1), and ice water 2:1), their behavior was observed. Blood samples was collected and then euthanized by medullary sectioning. Biometric data were measured and a part of the liver was collected for hepatic glycogen analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in the time required to reach the anesthetic stage between the groups (p < 0.01). Benzocaine and eugenol at the higher concentration provided the fastest responses to sedatives and anesthetics, respectively. The animals subjected to higher anesthetic concentrations reached stage five and did not return from anesthesia, therefore, benzocaine and eugenol were effective euthanizing agents. Benzocaine at the lowest concentration showed the highest concentrations of glucose and cortisol (p < 0.05). Although benzocaine at 100 mgL(-1) concentrations is widely used as an anesthetic in fish, this study demonstrated its use as a stressor agent. Basal data of grass carp for stress parameters are presented for the first time.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the effects of eugenol, benzocaine, and ice water on the welfare of adult grass carp during sedative, anesthetic, or euthanasia processes. The results showed that benzocaine and eugenol at higher concentrations had faster sedative and anesthetic effects. Animals treated with higher anesthetic concentrations could not recover after reaching stage five, indicating that benzocaine and eugenol were effective euthanizing agents. Additionally, benzocaine at lower concentrations may act as a stressor agent.