Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jennifer A. Hardwick, Luca Cortese, Danail Obreschkow, Barbara Catinella
Summary: We use a sample of 559 disc galaxies to study the connection between baryonic angular momentum, mass, and atomic gas fraction. We confirm the correlation between specific angular momentum and atomic gas fraction, but find a larger scatter than previously observed. The analytical stability model provides a good approximation but does not fully match our data.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jennifer A. Hardwick, Luca Cortese, Danail Obreschkow, Barbara Catinella, Robin H. W. Cook
Summary: We present a detailed study of the stellar mass versus specific angular momentum relation for a sample of 564 nearby galaxies. Our results show that the slope and scatter of the Fall relation vary when considering galaxy type and sample selection. The gas fraction is the most correlated parameter for low stellar masses, while the bulge-to-total ratio becomes more dominant at higher masses. Interestingly, when only the disc components of galaxies are considered, the gas fraction remains the most correlated parameter with the scatter of the relation.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Anqi Li, Antonino Marasco, Filippo Fraternali, Scott Trager, Marc A. W. Verheijen
Summary: A kinematic study of ionized extraplanar gas in two low-inclination late-type galaxies reveals the presence of ionized gas with specific scale heights and flux fractions, as well as lagging rotation and weak evidence of radial inflow. The results suggest similarities with the kinematics of neutral gas, but further research with a dynamical model is needed to better understand the formation of ionized extraplanar gas.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jonathan C. Bird, Sarah R. Loebman, David H. Weinberg, Alyson M. Brooks, Thomas R. Quinn, Charlotte R. Christensen
Summary: Kinematic studies of disc galaxies, using individual stars in the Milky Way or statistical studies of global disc kinematics over time, provide insights into how discs form and evolve. The key to success in understanding this process lies in the simulation's dynamically cold multiphase ISM, allowing young stars to form with low velocity dispersion. The evolution of disc galaxies is explained by a model where the decrease in velocity dispersion is due to a decreasing gas fraction over time, resulting in a quasi-stable equilibrium.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Ilaria Ruffa, Timothy A. Davis, Michele Cappellari, Martin Bureau, Jacob Elford, Satoru Iguchi, Federico Lelli, Fu-Heng Liang, Lijie Liu, Anan Lu, Marc Sarzi, Thomas G. Williams
Summary: We present a CO dynamical estimate of the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in three nearby early-type galaxies. The study shows the presence of massive dark objects at the center of NGC 1574 and NGC 4261, while only an upper limit can be obtained for NGC 0612. The results are consistent with predictions from the M-BH - sigma(*) relation.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Lori E. Porter, Matthew E. Orr, Blakesley Burkhart, Andrew Wetzel, Xiangcheng Ma, Philip F. Hopkins, Andrew Emerick
Summary: We present an analysis of the metallicity relations in five dwarf galaxies and compare them with observations. We find that the simulated galaxies match the observed mass-metallicity and mass-metallicity gradient relations. The metallicities are effectively identical between different phases of the interstellar medium. The scatter in relative metallicity between different gas phases can be attributed to local starburst events or metal-poor inflows.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Mojtaba Raouf, Serena Viti, S. Garcia-Burillo, Alexander J. Richings, Joop Schaye, Ashley Bemis, Folkert S. J. Nobels, Matteo Guainazzi, Ko-Yun Huang, Matthieu Schaller, Violette Impellizzeri, Jon Holdship
Summary: We present hydrodynamic simulations of the interstellar medium (ISM) within the circumnuclear disc (CND) of an AGN-dominated galaxy influenced by mechanical feedback from an AGN, using CHIMES non-equilibrium chemistry network. The simulations focus on the central 100 pc scale and include different AGN-feedback models. Post-processing with a radiative-transfer code provides molecular emission lines. Results show that AGN promotes the formation of CO in dense regions surrounding supermassive black holes (SMBHs), and that a model with 5000 km/s wind-velocity and high mass-loading factor best matches NGC 1068 observations.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
C. Bertemes, D. Wylezalek, M. Alban, M. Aravena, W. M. Baker, S. Cazzoli, C. Cicone, S. Martin, A. Schimek, J. Wagg, W. Wang
Summary: This study presents the first public data release of the MASCOT survey, which focuses on galaxies below the star-forming main sequence. The results show an empirical relation between gas-phase metallicity gradients and global molecular gas depletion times. The study investigates potential drivers of this relation and finds a strong connection to centralized outflow strength and suppressed star formation in the outskirts of AGN-like galaxies. Overall, the observed relation is suggested to be the result of metal redistribution via weak feedback and a connection to in situ star formation.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Sarah M. R. Jeffreson, Benjamin W. Keller, Andrew J. Winter, Melanie Chevance, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Mark R. Krumholz, Yusuke Fujimoto
Summary: The study reveals that molecular clouds merge at a rate proportional to the time between their centroids, but their physical properties are largely unaffected by these interactions. Below the gas-disc scale height, cloud lifetime scales with cloud size following a power-law relation, while above the disc scale height, this scaling relation flattens to a constant value.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Sarah M. R. Jeffreson, Mark R. Krumholz, Yusuke Fujimoto, Lucia Armillotta, Benjamin W. Keller, Melanie Chevance, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen
Summary: A novel physically motivated sub-grid model for Hii region feedback is presented, which shows that the injection of momentum has a significant impact on the ratio of cold and molecular gas, as well as decreasing the mass-loading of galactic outflows. The simulations indicate that the characteristic lifetime of the least-massive molecular clouds is reduced, while the lifetimes of intermediate-mass clouds are elongated.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Charlotte R. Avery, Stijn Wuyts, Natascha M. Foerster Schreiber, Carolin Villforth, Caroline Bertemes, Stephen L. Hamer, Raman Sharma, Jun Toshikawa, Junkai Zhang
Summary: This paper investigates the neutral gas phase of galactic winds via the Na i D lambda lambda 5890, 5895 angstrom feature within z similar to 0.04 MaNGA galaxies and directly compares their incidence and strength to the ionized winds detected within the same parent sample. The study finds evidence for neutral outflows in 127 galaxies and reveals that both neutral and ionized winds are more often found in systems with elevated star formation rates. The paper also quantifies the scaling relations between the mass outflow rates and the strengths of the physical wind drivers.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Joey Braspenning, Joop Schaye, Josh Borrow, Matthieu Schaller
Summary: Cloud-wind interactions, which are common in interstellar and circumgalactic media, have been extensively studied, but the impact of the choice of hydrodynamic solver has been largely overlooked. This study compares the results of seven different hydrodynamic solvers in simulating cloud-wind interactions. Significant differences were found between the methods, especially in the dispersal and convergence of the cloud, as well as the predictions for intermediate-temperature gas. The study concludes that the hydrodynamical interaction between a dense cloud and a supersonic wind remains an unsolved problem and suggests that future studies should test the robustness of their results by comparing different hydrodynamic solvers.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Charlotte R. Avery, Stijn Wuyts, Natascha M. Foerster Schreiber, Carolin Villforth, Caroline Bertemes, Wenjun Chang, Stephen L. Hamer, Jun Toshikawa, Junkai Zhang
Summary: The study investigates ionized gas outflows in MaNGA galaxies, finding that outflows are centrally concentrated and correlate with factors such as mass, central density, AGN luminosity, and SFR. Strong correlations are observed between outflow rates and mechanical drivers, while the physical properties of outflowing gas show distinct features as well.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
C. Murugeshan, V. A. Kilborn, B-Q For, O. Wong, J. Wang, T. Westmeier, A. R. H. Stevens, K. Spekkens, P. Kamphuis, L. Staveley-Smith, K. Lee-Waddell, D. Kleiner, B. S. Koribalski, M. E. Cluver, S-H Oh, J. Rhee, B. Catinella, T. N. Reynolds, H. Denes, A. Elagali
Summary: Using high-resolution ASKAP observations of galaxies in the Eridanus supergroup, we studied their HI, angular momentum, and star formation properties, finding consistency with previous works. Environmental processes, such as tidal interactions, were found to significantly impact the relationship between atomic gas fraction and integrated atomic disc stability parameter in Eridanus galaxies. The majority of Eridanus galaxies were also found to be HI deficient compared to normal star-forming galaxies in the field, with indications of suppression in star formation due to their environment.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Anqi Li, Filippo Fraternali, Antonino Marasco, Scott C. Trager, Gabriele Pezzulli, Pavel E. Mancera Pina, Marc A. W. Verheijen
Summary: We used a dynamical model of galactic fountain to study the extraplanar gas in NGC 2403. The model suggests a total EPG mass of 4.7 x 10(8) M-? with a typical scale height of 1 kpc and a vertical gradient of the rotation velocity of -10.0 km s(-1) kpc(-1). The accretion rate from the condensation of the inner hot CGM inferred by the model is approximately equal to the star-formation rate in this galaxy.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Thomas A. Davison, Harald Kuntschner, Bernd Husemann, Mark A. Norris, Julianne J. Dalcanton, Alessandra De Rosa, Pierre-Alain Duc, Stefano Bianchi, Pedro R. Capelo, Cristian Vignali
Summary: The advancements in high resolution integral field unit spectroscopy and robust full-spectral fitting codes have made it possible to study spatially resolved kinematic, chemical composition, and star-formation history of nearby galaxies. Utilizing new MUSE data from the SOSIMPLE survey, NGC7135 is found to exhibit counter-rotation of gas, disrupted kinematics, and asymmetric chemical distribution, indicating an ongoing merger. Furthermore, a gradient in ex-situ material is identified, with the accreted fraction increasing from 0% in the galaxy center to around 7% within 0.6 effective radii.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Luca Sala, Elia Cenci, Pedro R. Capelo, Alessandro Lupi, Massimo Dotti
Summary: This study introduces a new momentum-driven model to simulate massive black holes accreting gas at the centers of active galactic nuclei. The research finds that the outflow shape remains conical and is weakly dependent on the launching orientation and aperture, while the velocity of the outflow strongly depends on the interaction with the circumnuclear disc.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Tomas Tamfal, Lucio Mayer, Thomas R. Quinn, Pedro R. Capelo, Stelios Kazantzidis, Arif Babul, Douglas Potter
Summary: The text discusses the orbital decay of a perturber within a larger system and the attempts to determine the underlying physics and timescales of the drag mechanism using different approaches. Through ultra-high-resolution N-body simulations, both local and global perturbations' effects were captured and the torque's origin was analyzed.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Pau Amaro Seoane, Manuel Arca Sedda, Stanislav Babak, Christopher P. L. Berry, Emanuele Berti, Gianfranco Bertone, Diego Blas, Tamara Bogdanovic, Matteo Bonetti, Katelyn Breivik, Richard Brito, Robert Caldwell, Pedro R. Capelo, Chiara Caprini, Vitor Cardoso, Zack Carson, Hsin-Yu Chen, Alvin J. K. Chua, Irina Dvorkin, Zoltan Haiman, Lavinia Heisenberg, Maximiliano Isi, Nikolaos Karnesis, Bradley J. Kavanagh, Tyson B. Littenberg, Alberto Mangiagli, Paolo Marcoccia, Andrea Maselli, Germano Nardini, Paolo Pani, Marco Peloso, Mauro Pieroni, Angelo Ricciardone, Alberto Sesana, Nicola Tamanini, Alexandre Toubiana, Rosa Valiante, Stamatis Vretinaris, David J. Weir, Kent Yagi, Aaron Zimmerman
Summary: This study evaluates the impact of extending the LISA mission lifetime on the scientific return and finds that the investigation of seed black holes at cosmic dawn and the study of stellar-origin black holes and their formation channels are most affected by the mission duration.
GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Lorenz Zwick, Andrea Derdzinski, Mudit Garg, Pedro R. Capelo, Lucio Mayer
Summary: This study analyzes the effect of stochastic torque fluctuations on the orbital evolution and gravitational wave (GW) emission of gas-embedded sources with intermediate and extreme mass ratios. The study shows that gas-driven fluctuations create additional harmonic content in the binary system's GWs, referred to as dirty waveforms (DWs). The study presents three interesting observational prospects for DWs, including the potential for a significant stochastic GW background, the detection of a secular phase shift in Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) sources, and the potential detection of DWs in the mHz range in pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), leading to a new type of PTA-LISA multiband gravitational source.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Veronica Vazquez-Aceves, Lorenz Zwick, Elisa Bortolas, Pedro R. Capelo, Pau Amaro Seoane, Lucio Mayer, Xian Chen
Summary: This study re-derives the event rates of extreme mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) and extremely large mass-ratio inspirals (X-MRIs) and highlights the importance of correcting Peters' formula and the definition of loss cone. The findings show that the corrected version of Peters' formula provides more accurate estimates of event rates, and the event rate estimates for highly eccentric systems need to be revised.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Tomas Tamfal, Lucio Mayer, Thomas R. Quinn, Arif Babul, Piero Madau, Pedro R. Capelo, Sijing Shen, Marius Staub
Summary: In this study, a cosmological N-body hydrodynamical simulation with unprecedented resolution was used to investigate the formation process of a Milky Way-sized galaxy halo. The simulated galaxy exhibits early assembly characteristics consistent with extrapolations of star-forming galaxy main sequences to higher redshifts. The results suggest the early presence of a compact, thin rotating stellar disk and a multi-component structure, challenging previous literature reports of upside-down disk growth, with implications for high-redshift galaxy observations.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Elisa Bortolas, Matteo Bonetti, Massimo Dotti, Alessandro Lupi, Pedro R. Capelo, Lucio Mayer, Alberto Sesana
Summary: This study systematically explores the impact of a galactic bar on the inspiral time-scale of a massive object within a galaxy. The presence of the bar can significantly affect the inspiral time, sometimes making it shorter and sometimes hindering it for a long period of time. The relative phase at which the object encounters the bar-induced resonances plays a crucial role in this erratic behavior.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Mudit Garg, Andrea Derdzinski, Lorenz Zwick, Pedro R. Capelo, Lucio Mayer
Summary: This study investigates the effects of torques on the circular inspirals of intermediate-mass black hole binaries (IMBHBs) embedded in gas discs. The impact of torques on the detected gravitational wave (GW) waveform in the LISA frequency band is explored. The results suggest that torques can cause dephasing in the IMBHB's GW signal, and the measurable dephasing depends on various factors such as black hole masses, redshift, and accretion rates. These findings are important for understanding accretion discs and galactic nuclei astrophysics.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Federica Sassano, Pedro R. Capelo, Lucio Mayer, Raffaella Schneider, Rosa Valiante
Summary: The study investigates the sustained accretion of gas-rich proto-galaxies onto black holes at super-Eddington rates. Results show that regardless of the sub-grid model used, accretion is rapidly quenched after around 1 million years, resulting in black holes reaching a maximum mass of about 10^4 times the mass of the Sun.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Review
Physics, Particles & Fields
Pau Amaro-Seoane, Jeff Andrews, Manuel Arca Sedda, Abbas. Askar, Quentin Baghi, Razvan Balasov, Imre Bartos, Simone S. Bavera, Jillian Bellovary, Christopher P. L. Berry, Emanuele Berti, Stefano Bianchi, Laura Blecha, Stephane Blondin, Tamara Bogdanovic, Samuel Boissier, Matteo Bonetti, Silvia Bonoli, Elisa Bortolas, Katelyn Breivik, Pedro R. Capelo, Laurentiu Caramete, Federico Cattorini, Maria Charisi, Sylvain Chaty, Xian Chen, Martyna Chruslinska, Alvin J. K. Chua, Ross Church, Monica Colpi, Daniel D'Orazio, Camilla Danielski, Melvyn B. Davies, Pratika Dayal, Alessandra De Rosa, Andrea Derdzinski, Kyriakos Destounis, Massimo Dotti, Ioana Dutan, Irina Dvorkin, Gaia Fabj, Thierry Foglizzo, Saavik Ford, Jean-Baptiste Fouvry, Alessia Franchini, Tassos Fragos, Chris Fryer, Massimo Gaspari, Davide Gerosa, Luca Graziani, Paul Groot, Melanie Habouzit, Daryl Haggard, Zoltan Haiman, Wen-Biao Han, Alina Istrate, Peter H. Johansson, Fazeel Mahmood Khan, Tomas Kimpson, Kostas Kokkotas, Albert Kong, Valeriya Korol, Kyle Kremer, Thomas Kupfer, Astrid Lamberts, Shane Larson, Mike Lau, Dongliang Liu, Nicole Lloyd-Ronning, Giuseppe Lodato, Alessandro Lupi, Chung-Pei Ma, Tomas Maccarone, Ilya Mandel, Alberto Mangiagli, Michela Mapelli, Stephane Mathis, Lucio Mayer, Sean McGee, Berry McKernan, M. Coleman Miller, David F. Mota, Matthew Mumpower, Syeda S. Nasim, Gijs Nelemans, Scott Noble, Fabio Pacucci, Francesca Panessa, Vasileios Paschalidis, Hugo Pfister, Delphine Porquet, John Quenby, Angelo Ricarte, Friedrich K. Roepke, John Regan, Stephan Rosswog, Ashley Ruiter, Milton Ruiz, Jessie Runnoe, Raffaella Schneider, Jeremy Schnittman, Amy Secunda, Alberto Sesana, Naoki Seto, Lijing Shao, Stuart Shapiro, Carlos Sopuerta, Nicholas C. Stone, Arthur Suvorov, Nicola Tamanini, Tomas Tamfal, Thomas Tauris, Karel Temmink, John Tomsick, Silvia Toonen, Alejandro Torres-Orjuela, Martina Toscani, Antonios Tsokaros, Caner Unal, Veronica Vazquez-Aceves, Rosa Valiante, Maurice van Putten, Jan van Roestel, Christian Vignali, Marta Volonteri, Kinwah Wu, Ziri Younsi, Shenghua Yu, Silvia Zane, Lorenz Zwick, Fabio Antonini, Vishal Baibhav, Enrico Barausse, Alexander Bonilla Rivera, Marica Branchesi, Graziella Branduardi-Raymont, Kevin Burdge, Srija Chakraborty, Jorge Cuadra, Kristen Dage, Benjamin Davis, Selma E. de Mink, Roberto Decarli, Daniela Doneva, Stephanie Escoffier, Poshak Gandhi, Francesco Haardt, Carlos O. Lousto, Samaya Nissanke, Jason Nordhaus, Richard O'Shaughnessy, Simon Portegies Zwart, Adam Pound, Fabian Schussler, Olga Sergijenko, Alessandro Spallicci, Daniele Vernieri, Alejandro Vigna-Gomez
Summary: The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is an innovative experiment for gravitational wave astronomy, offering unique opportunities to address key astrophysical questions in a novel way. By synergizing with ground-based and space-born instruments, LISA enables multi-messenger observations, enhancing its discovery potential. This review highlights the extensive landscape of astrophysical theory, numerical simulations, and astronomical observations necessary for modeling and interpreting LISA's upcoming datastream. It also discusses open issues, gaps in understanding, and potential research avenues that LISA can contribute to in combination with electromagnetic domain studies.
LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Floor van Donkelaar, Lucio Mayer, Pedro R. Capelo, Tomas Tamfal, Thomas R. Quinn, Piero Madau
Summary: In this study, the formation history and properties of proto-globular cluster candidates in the region surrounding a Milky Way-sized galaxy were investigated using the 'GigaEris' simulation. Nine systems that satisfy the criteria were identified, with all but one appearing to be associated with gas filaments accreting onto the main galaxy. The oldest object seems to be a stripped compact dwarf galaxy that has lost its entire dark matter content.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Lorenz Zwick, Pedro R. Capelo, Lucio Mayer
Summary: In preparation for future space-borne gravitational-wave detectors, a systematic comparison was performed to determine whether the modelling effort should focus on high-precision vacuum templates or on the astrophysical environment of the sources. The results suggest that environmental effects should be prioritized in waveform models to maximize the science yield of future detectors, particularly for binaries lighter than 10^7/(1 + z)^2 solar masses and high-SNR sources at low redshift.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Pablo M. Galan-de Anta, Pedro R. Capelo, Eugene Vasiliev, Massimo Dotto, Marc Sarzi, Enrico Maria Corsini, Lorenzo Morelli
Summary: By studying the age of stellar populations in galactic discs, we can learn about the assembly history of galaxies and place constraints on their merger events. In this study, the fragility of thin galactic discs and nuclear stellar discs (NSDs) in intermediate-mass-ratio dry encounters was explored using a N-body model. The results show that thin galactic discs are more affected by mergers, while NSDs exhibit resilience.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Elia Cenci, Luca Sala, Alessandro Lupi, Pedro R. Capelo, Massimo Dotti
Summary: This study implemented a self-consistent sub-grid model to simulate the evolution of black hole mass and spin at galactic nuclei, finding a close relationship between spin evolution and parameters related to gas accretion. Coupling the model with a feedback process significantly altered the evolution path of the black hole.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
