Article
Biology
Callum F. McLellan, Innes C. Cuthill, Stephen H. Montgomery
Summary: Prey animals use color and patterning to either avoid detection or advertise their unpalatability. This study examines how pattern use varies across phylogenetically related cryptic and aposematic butterfly larvae with different social behavior. The results show that longitudinal stripes are more common in cryptic larvae, while patterns associated with crypsis are more likely to be used by solitary larvae. Aposematic larvae, on the other hand, are more likely to display horizontal bands and spots. This research advances our understanding of pattern variation, coloration, and social behavior in lepidopteran larvae.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Biology
Cedric P. van den Berg, John A. Endler, Karen L. Cheney
Summary: Aposematic signals in many species visually advertise anti-predatory defences, and they should be detectable and bold to enhance predator recognition and learning. However, the signalling function may be distance-dependent, with signals being undetectable from a distance but bold up close. In this study, we quantified the detectability and boldness of colour patterns in 13 nudibranch species and found that well-defended species were more detectable and bolder at closer distances. The results highlight the importance of distinguishing signal detectability from boldness in studies of aposematism.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Karl Loeffler-Henry, Changku Kang, Thomas N. Sherratt
Summary: The initial evolution of aposematism in unprofitable prey is considered a paradox, but it is suggested that hidden warning signals may have played a role. This study examines amphibian antipredation coloration and finds that the transition from camouflage to aposematism often involves an intermediate stage of cryptic species. Accounting for this intermediate step can help explain the evolution of aposematism.
Article
Biology
Tim Caro, Manisha Koneru
Summary: Protective coloration strategies are diverse and can be used simultaneously; factors such as body size, mobility are associated with defensive coloration, but the correlation between ecological variables and predictions still needs further research.
BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Matilda Q. R. Pembury Smith, Graeme D. Ruxton
Summary: The study found that attack risk increased with size for disruptive phenotypes of prey, potentially breaking down the effectiveness of disruptive patterns at larger sizes. However, further research under controlled conditions is needed to distinguish the effects of initial detection and post-detection preferences on attack rates.
JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Giovanni Polverino, Kevin Sagastume-Espinoza, Leigh W. Simmons, Jennifer L. Kelley
Summary: This study investigates whether individual behavior is dependent on perceived vulnerability using the crowned stick insect as a model. The research finds consistent behavioral differences among individuals, with risk-prone individuals exhibiting more defensive displays. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation is observed between defensive behaviors and reflectance relative to the background, indicating a functional link between behavioral variation and perceived vulnerability.
Review
Entomology
Stano Pekar, Gunther Raspotnig
Summary: Arachnida, a diverse group of terrestrial arthropods, are not only predators but also often fall prey to other predators. This review discusses the variety of enemies and defenses used by arachnids against their predators, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
ENTOMOLOGIA GENERALIS
(2022)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Anna E. Hughes, Emmanuelle S. Briolat, Lina Maria Arenas, Eric Liggins, Martin Stevens
Summary: Background-matching camouflage is an effective strategy to reduce detection, but implementing this on heterogeneous backgrounds is challenging. This study tested the benefits of specializing and generalizing for complex targets, and found that specialization is beneficial on average, but the success varies with search duration.
BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Justin Yeager, James B. Barnett
Summary: This study quantified the variation in phenotypes and color pattern contrast in a polytypic population of poison frogs. The results showed that within-population phenotypic variation cannot be divided into distinct groups and color pattern contrast does not differ significantly between different microhabitats. This suggests that the variation in phenotypes is likely due to weak purifying selection or neutral processes.
FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Simcha Lev-Yadun
Summary: A recent important paper tested two hypotheses regarding the anti-herbivory effects of red young leaves: aposematism and undermining herbivorous insect camouflage. The results supported both hypotheses, particularly by exposing insects that do not refrain from occupying leaves that do not match their color to higher predation risks.
ARTHROPOD-PLANT INTERACTIONS
(2023)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Laura Twort, Martin Stevens
Summary: Camouflage plays a vital role in preventing and facilitating predation. The behavior of animals in selecting appropriate substrates contributes to their camouflage. By conducting substrate choice experiments, we found that shore crabs tend to choose substrates matching their own appearance in terms of brightness. This study helps explain the phenotype-environment associations observed in shore crabs and sheds light on how individuals can maintain camouflage in visually variable environments.
Article
Psychology, Biological
James E. V. Rimmer, Christopher D. Todd, David M. Shuker
Summary: Research indicates that hermit crabs discriminate between shells based on their color and background color, showing a preference for darker shaded shells.
BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Anaid Gouveneaux, Antoine Minet, Christelle Jozet-Alves, Thomas Knigge, Paco Bustamante, Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe, Cecile Bellanger
Summary: Behavioral ecotoxicology has grown due to standardized analyses, but it mainly focuses on a few model species, limiting extrapolation and prediction of toxicological effects. To overcome this, assessing critical species-specific behavioral responses is recommended, such as cephalopods. We discuss the relevance of cephalopods as a toxicological model based on research on environmental stressors and the challenge of quantifying color change.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Myriam E. Widmann, Sean van Elden, Jessica J. Meeuwig
Summary: Colour change is a widely used strategy in animals, including bony fish. It is used for communication, camouflage, and protection. In this study, we examined the frequency of colour phases in 16 species of lethrinids and found that dark and light colour phases were observed in nine species, with seven species also showing physiological colour change. The frequency of colour phases varied between species, suggesting that different dark patterns may be important for certain species. Both juveniles and adults were capable of changing between different colour patterns, and the change into a mottled pattern was often observed during feeding. Overall, physiological colour change is a commonly observed strategy in lethrinids and may have evolved to enhance foraging success and reduce aggression from conspecifics.
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2023)
Review
Zoology
Daiana Paola Ferraro, Martin Oscar Pereyra, Pascual Emilio Topa, Julian Faivovich
Summary: Anurans in the Neotropical clade Leiuperinae exhibit a variety of anti-predator mechanisms, such as eyespots, hidden bright colors, and glandular secretions. These mechanisms have evolved diversely and are associated with a common ancestor that developed defensive behaviors and macroglands in the lumbar skin.
ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
(2021)