Article
Immunology
Johannes Dirks, Oliver Andres, Luisa Paul, Georgi Manukjan, Harald Schulze, Henner Morbach
Summary: The expression of IgD in human naive B cells has a significant impact on their maturation and Ig selection, shaping the composition of naive B cells and being involved in selecting specific Ig V-H segments for pre-immune Ig repertoire. Naive B cells lacking IgD expression showed decreased responsiveness in vitro to signals from IgM-BCR, TLR7/9, or CD40 pathways. Furthermore, the frequency of IgM(lo/-) B cells lacking IgD was significantly reduced in the mature naive B cell compartment.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Rheumatology
Dornatien C. Anang, Hannah A. W. Walter, Johan Lim, Ilse Niewold, Linda van der Weele, Eleonora Aronica, Filip Eftimov, Joost Raaphorst, Barbera D. C. van Schaik, Antoine H. C. van Kampen, Anneke J. van der Kooi, Niek de Vries
Summary: The study aims to unravel the characteristics of B-cell receptor (BcR) in muscle tissues and peripheral blood in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), and investigate the changes in BcR repertoire in peripheral blood after IVIG treatment. The results suggest that the composition of pre-treatment BcR repertoire may influence the response to IVIG therapy.
Article
Immunology
Sang Bin Hong, Yong-Won Shin, Ja Bin Hong, Sang Kun Lee, Buhm Han
Summary: This study investigates the commonalities and interrelationships between B cell receptor (BCR) and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires, finding that they have covarying clonal architecture and diversity. The pattern of correlations appears to change in immune-mediated diseases. The hierarchical clustering of B and T cell clonotypes shows distinct clusters with increased sequence similarity, shared motifs, and distinct amino acid characteristics. These findings suggest shared principles governing memory formation, recombination, and clonal expansion in B and T cells. A significant proportion of the BCR and TCR repertoire can be clustered into nonoverlapping and correlated clusters, providing a novel way of grouping clonotypes.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biology
Kenneth B. Hoehn, Jackson S. Turner, Frederick Miller, Ruoyi Jiang, Oliver G. Pybus, Ali H. Ellebedy, Steven H. Kleinstein
Summary: The study found that after seasonal influenza vaccination, GC B cell lineages often exhibit measurable evolution, suggesting that the poor efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines is not solely due to the inhibition of vaccine-specific B cell evolution.
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Christoph Schultheiss, Donjete Simnica, Edith Willscher, Anna Oberle, Lorenzo Fanchi, Nicola Bonzanni, Nils H. Wildner, Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch, Christina Weiler-Normann, Ansgar W. Lohse, Mascha Binder
Summary: Patients with autoimmune hepatitis exhibit significant and persistent T-cell architectural changes, which may explain the high relapse rates after tapering immunosuppression. Liver T-cell clusters shared between patients may mediate liver damage and require further study.
Article
Immunology
Brian L. Le, Renan Sper, Sandra C. A. Nielsen, Silvia Pineda, Quoc-Hung Nguyen, Ji-Yeun Lee, Scott D. Boyd, Tippi C. MacKenzie, Marina Sirota
Summary: Preterm labor is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The study found that preterm infants display immature features and clonal overlap with maternal TCR-beta clones. In preterm pregnancies, there is significantly higher clonal convergence between mother and baby pairs compared to term pregnancies.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Els Wauters, Pierre Van Mol, Abhishek Dinkarnath Garg, Sander Jansen, Yannick Van Herck, Lore Vanderbeke, Ayse Bassez, Bram Boeckx, Bert Malengier-Devlies, Anna Timmerman, Thomas Van Brussel, Tina Van Buyten, Rogier Schepers, Elisabeth Heylen, Dieter Dauwe, Christophe Dooms, Jan Gunst, Greet Hermans, Philippe Meersseman, Dries Testelmans, Jonas Yserbyt, Sabine Tejpar, Walter De Wever, Patrick Matthys, Collaborators CONTAGIOUS, Johan Neyts, Joost Wauters, Junbin Qian, Diether Lambrechts
Summary: Single-cell deep-immune profiling revealed that specific T cells in mild COVID-19 patients exhibit active expansion and function, while in critical COVID-19 they remain more naive. Furthermore, the monocyte-to-macrophage trajectories show enrichment of chronic hyperinflammatory monocytes and depletion of anti-inflammatory alveolar macrophages in critical COVID-19.
Article
Immunology
Jessica Mallaby, Joseph Ng, Alex Stewart, Emma Sinclair, Deborah Dunn-Walters, Uri Hershberg
Summary: The mechanisms of B-cell diversification differ greatly between aves and mammals, but both produce B cells and antibodies capable of supporting an effective immune response. Comparing the diversity characteristics of immunoglobulin genes from domestic chickens to those from humans, it was found that chickens have lower amino acid diversity, especially outside of the complementarity-determining region (CDR). Additionally, chickens possess larger and more hydrophilic CDR3s with a higher predicted protein binding potential, suggesting a more flexible and polyreactive antigen-binding site in chicken antibodies compared to human antibodies.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Oncology
Andrea N. Mazzarello, Mark Fitch, Martina Cardillo, Anita Ng, Sabreen Bhuiya, Esha Sharma, Davide Bagnara, Jonathan E. Kolitz, Jacqueline C. Barrientos, Steven L. Allen, Kanti R. Rai, Joanna Rhodes, Marc K. Hellerstein, Nicholas Chiorazzi
Summary: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) clones contain subpopulations with different ages and phenotypes. The youngest cells are recently born and proliferative, while the oldest cells are resting. Cells with high levels of surface membrane proteins are younger, and stimulation through these proteins results in a phenotype consistent with in vivo observations. Older cells are less sensitive to drug inhibition.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Wooseob Kim, Julian Q. Zhou, Stephen C. Horvath, Aaron J. Schmitz, Alexandria J. Sturtz, Tingting Lei, Zhuoming Liu, Elizaveta Kalaidina, Mahima Thapa, Wafaa B. Alsoussi, Alem Haile, Michael K. Klebert, Teresa Suessen, Luis Parra-Rodriguez, Philip A. Mudd, Sean P. J. Whelan, William D. Middleton, Sharlene A. Teefey, Iskra Pusic, Jane A. O'Halloran, Rachel M. Presti, Jackson S. Turner, Ali H. Ellebedy
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a persistent germinal center reaction in humans, resulting in affinity-matured long-term antibody responses that potently neutralize the virus.
Article
Hematology
Kisato Nosaka, Shigeru Kusumoto, Nobuaki Nakano, Ilseung Choi, Makoto Yoshimitsu, Yoshitaka Imaizumi, Michihiro Hidaka, Hidenori Sasaki, Junya Makiyama, Eiichi Ohtsuka, Tatsuro Jo, Masao Ogata, Asahi Ito, Kentaro Yonekura, Hiro Tatetsu, Takeharu Kato, Toshiro Kawakita, Youko Suehiro, Kenji Ishitsuka, Shinsuke Iida, Takaji Matsutani, Atae Utsunomiya, Ryuzo Ueda, Takashi Ishida
Summary: The MIMOGA study showed that a lower percentage of CD2(-)CD19(+) B cells in PBMC was associated with unfavorable prognosis in patients with adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma. Analysis of IgG heavy-chain repertoire revealed a restricted repertoire in ATL patients compared to healthy individuals, with IgG diversity index correlating positively with B cell proportions. Higher serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels and lower IgG repertoire diversity were identified as significant factors affecting overall survival in patients. This study emphasizes the importance of humoral immune responses in patients undergoing mogamulizumab-containing treatment for ATL.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Dermatology
K. Papadopoulou, T. M. Falk, D. Metze, A. Boeer-Auer
Summary: This study analyzed 46 B-cell lymphoma specimens from an endemic area for Borrelia and found no evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific DNA. The results question the association between Borrelia and the development of cutaneous B-cell lymphomas, as well as the need for antibiotic therapy in these patients.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Zuhui Su, Yabin Jin, Yu Zhang, Zhanwen Guan, Huishi Li, Xiangping Chen, Chao Xie, Chuling Zhang, Xiaofen Liu, Peixian Li, Peiyi Ye, Lifang Zhang, Yaozhong Kong, Wei Luo
Summary: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a common autoimmune glomerular disease that requires renal tissue biopsy for diagnosis, indicating the need for new diagnostic and prognostic monitoring methods. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed abnormalities in multiple aspects of the immunoglobulin heavy chain in patients, with certain gene transcripts and parameters showing potential for predicting therapeutic effects.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Lichen Jing, Xia Wu, Maxwell P. Krist, Tien-Ying Hsiang, Victoria L. Campbell, Christopher L. McClurkan, Sydney M. Favors, Lawrence A. Hemingway, Charmie Godornes, Denise Q. Tong, Stacy Selke, Angela C. LeClair, Chu-Woo Pyo, Daniel E. Geraghty, Kerry J. Laing, Anna Wald, Michael Gale, David M. Koelle
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 elicits a strong T cell response, with CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent individuals recognizing infected cells and inactivated whole viral antigen respectively. CD8 T cells exhibit low specificity, while CD4 T cells show higher breadth. Additionally, some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 can cross-recognize seasonal coronavirus antigens.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Naoki Konno, Wataru Iwasaki
Summary: By reconstructing ancestral gene content and using machine learning techniques, we were able to predict the evolution of gene gain and loss in metabolic systems of bacterial genomes. Our findings suggest that evolutionary pressures and constraints on metabolic systems are shared among bacteria, and these patterns are influenced by functional dependencies and changes in bacterial habitats.
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Stephen W. Attwood, Sarah C. Hill, David M. Aanensen, Thomas R. Connor, Oliver G. Pybus
Summary: This Review discusses the use of phylogenetic and phylodynamic methods in understanding viral evolution, specifically focusing on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. These approaches have provided insights into transmission routes, timings, and effectiveness of intervention measures. The study summarizes the contributions of these methods in tracking virus genetic changes, identifying emerging variants, and informing public health strategies.
NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Kenneth B. Hoehn, Oliver G. Pybus, Steven H. Kleinstein
Summary: This study developed parsimony-based summary statistics to characterize migration, differentiation, and isotype switching along B cell phylogenetic trees, demonstrating their effectiveness through simulations and application in HIV and allergy patient datasets.
PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Zoraima Neto, Pedro A. Martinez, Sarah C. Hill, Domingos Jandondo, Julien Theze, Marinela Mirandela, Renato Santana Aguiar, Joilson Xavier, Cruz dos Santos Sebastiao, Ana Luisa Micolo Candido, Filipa Vaz, Gisel Reyes Castro, Joana Paula Paixao, Nicholas J. Loman, Philippe Lemey, Oliver G. Pybus, Jocelyne Vasconcelos, Nuno Rodrigues Faria, Joana de Morais
Summary: The study in Angola revealed predominantly urban transmission of DENV2, as well as co-circulation of DENV2 with DENV1 and CHIKV. Several RT-PCR confirmed severe dengue cases were reported in the country.
PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Bernardo Gutierrez, Hugo G. Castelan Sanchez, Darlan da Silva Candido, Ben Jackson, Shay Fleishon, Renaud Houzet, Christopher Ruis, Luis Delaye, Nuno R. Faria, Andrew Rambaut, Oliver G. Pybus, Marina Escalera-Zamudio
Summary: This study presents a phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and identifies a recombination event between B.1.631 and B.1.634 lineages, resulting in the formation of the B.1.628 major cluster (lineage XB). The spatiotemporal distribution supports the conclusion that the recombination event originated in the USA and Mexico.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
John T. McCrone, Verity Hill, Sumali Bajaj, Rosario Evans Pena, Ben C. Lambert, Rhys Inward, Samir Bhatt, Erik Volz, Christopher Ruis, Simon Dellicour, Guy Baele, Alexander E. Zarebski, Adam Sadilek, Neo Wu, Aaron Schneider, Xiang Ji, Jayna Raghwani, Ben Jackson, Rachel Colquhoun, Thomas P. Peacock, Kate Twohig, Simon Thelwall, Gavin Dabrera, Richard Myers, Nuno R. Faria, Carmen Huber, Isaac I. Bogoch, Kamran Khan, Louis du Plessis, Jeffrey C. Barrett, David M. Aanensen, Wendy S. Barclay, Meera Chand, Thomas Connor, Nicholas J. Loman, Marc A. Suchard, Oliver G. Pybus, Andrew Rambaut, Moritz U. G. Kraemer
Summary: The globally spread SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern has caused resurgences of COVID-19 worldwide. In England, the Delta variant was introduced through travel and social restrictions relaxation and spread through increased human activity. Hotel quarantine for travelers helped reduce importation transmission, but the Delta transmission chains were already established before travel restrictions were implemented. Increased inter-regional travel and local population mixing were key factors in the nationwide dissemination of Delta.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Houriiyah Tegally, Monika Moir, Josie Everatt, Marta Giovanetti, Cathrine Scheepers, Eduan Wilkinson, Kathleen Subramoney, Zinhle Makatini, Sikhulile Moyo, Daniel G. Amoako, Cheryl Baxter, Christian L. Althaus, Ugochukwu J. Anyaneji, Dikeledi Kekana, Raquel Viana, Jennifer Giandhari, Richard J. Lessells, Tongai Maponga, Dorcas Maruapula, Wonderful Choga, Mogomotsi Matshaba, Mpaphi B. Mbulawa, Nokukhanya Msomi, Yeshnee Naidoo, Sureshnee Pillay, Tomasz Janusz Sanko, James E. San, Lesley Scott, Lavanya Singh, Nonkululeko A. Magini, Pamela Smith-Lawrence, Wendy Stevens, Graeme Dor, Derek Tshiabuila, Nicole Wolter, Wolfgang Preiser, Florette K. Treurnicht, Marietjie Venter, Georginah Chiloane, Caitlyn McIntyre, Aine O'Toole, Christopher Ruis, Thomas P. Peacock, Cornelius Roemer, Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond, Carolyn Williamson, Oliver G. Pybus, Jinal N. Bhiman, Allison Glass, Darren P. Martin, Ben Jackson, Andrew Rambaut, Oluwakemi Laguda-Akingba, Simani Gaseitsiwe, Anne von Gottberg, Tulio de Oliveira, Armand Phillip Bester, Mathilda Claassen, Deelan Doolabh, Innocent Mudau, Nokuzola Mbhele, Susan Engelbrecht, Dominique Goedhals, Diana Hardie, Nei-Yuan Hsiao, Arash Iranzadeh, Arshad Ismail, Rageema Joseph, Arisha Maharaj, Boitshoko Mahlangu, Kamela Mahlakwane, Ashlyn Davis, Gert Marais, Koleka Mlisana, Anele Mnguni, Thabo Mohale, Gerald Motsatsi, Peter Mwangi, Noxolo Ntuli, Martin Nyaga, Luicer Olubayo, Botshelo Radibe, Yajna Ramphal, Upasana Ramphal, Wilhelmina Strasheim, Naume Tebeila, Stephanie van Wyk, Shannon Wilson, Alexander G. Lucaci, Steven Weaver, Akhil Maharaj, Yusasha Pillay, Michaela Davids, Adriano Mendes, Simnikiwe Mayaphi
Summary: The genomic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5, responsible for the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa, reveals their continued viral diversification and sheds light on the potential mechanisms that allow these new lineages to outcompete their predecessors. These new lineages, BA.4 and BA.5, share identical spike proteins with BA.2 but have certain differences such as the presence of the 69-70 deletion, L452R, F486V, and the wild-type amino acid at Q493. They can be identified by the S-gene target failure, a proxy marker associated with the 69-70 deletion. BA.4 and BA.5 have rapidly replaced BA.2 and have become the dominant lineages in South Africa.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Ana Catharina Nastri, Amaro Nunes Duarte-Neto, Luciana Vilas Boas Casadio, William Marciel de Souza, Ingra M. Claro, Erika R. Manuli, Gloria Selegatto, Matias C. Saloma, Gabriel Fialkovitz, Mariane Taborda, Bianca Leal de Almeida, Marcello C. Magri, Ana Rubia Guedes, Laura Vieira Perdigao Neto, Fatima Mitie Sataki, Thais Guimaraes, Maria Cassia Mendes-Correa, Tania R. Tozetto-Mendoza, Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli, Yeh-Li Ho, Camila ALves Maia da Silva, Thais M. Coletti, Jacqueline Goes de Jesus, Camila M. Romano, Sarah C. Hill, Oliver Pybus, Joao Renato Rebello Pinho, Felipe Lourenco Ledesma, Yuri R. Casal, Cristina Kanamura, Leonardo Jose Tadeu de Araujo, Camila Santos da Silva Ferreira, Juliana Mariotti Guerra, Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo, Marisa Dolhnikoff, Nuno R. Faria, Ester C. Sabino, Venacio Avancini, Ferreira Alves, Anna S. Levin
Summary: This study reports two cases of Brazilian Sabi virus infection diagnosed using metagenomics. The patients presented with hepatitis, bleeding, and neurological alterations, leading to death. No nosocomial transmission was found in the contact tracing.
TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Sarah C. Hill, Sarah Francois, Julien Theze, Adrian L. Smith, Peter Simmonds, Christopher M. Perrins, Lia van der Hoek, Oliver G. Pybus
Summary: Wildlife carries pathogens that can harm human or livestock health and are the source of most emerging infectious diseases. Changes in wildlife population age-structures and age-stratified behaviors can alter the level of pathogen detection within a species and the risk of spillover to other species. By using a metagenomic approach, this study characterized viral and prokaryotic carriage in a healthy wild bird population and identified novel virus species and the core prokaryotic microbiome. The findings suggest that perturbations in wildlife population age-structures could impact the circulation dynamics and spillover risk of microbes, potentially including pathogens.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Guogang Zhang, Bingying Li, Jayna Raghwani, Bram Vrancken, Ru Jia, Sarah C. Hill, Guillaume Fournie, Yanchao Cheng, Qiqi Yang, Yuxin Wang, Zengmiao Wang, Lu Dong, Oliver G. Pybus, Huaiyu Tian
Summary: Migratory birds have played a crucial role in the rapid dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 across Eurasia. This study investigated the seasonal transmission dynamics of HPAI H5N8 viruses using new genomic data obtained from surveying wild birds in China and tracking the migratory patterns of bird species across China since 2006. The findings reveal the association between the introductions of HPAI H5N8 viruses in different Eurasian regions and the seasonal migration of wild birds, and highlight Europe's role as both a source and a sink in the global HPAI virus transmission network.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2023)
Article
Evolutionary Biology
Marina Escalera-Zamudio, Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond, Natalia Martinez de la Vina, Bernardo Gutierrez, Rhys P. D. Inward, Julien Theze, Lucy van Dorp, Hugo G. Castelan-Sanchez, Thomas A. Bowden, Oliver G. Pybus, Ruben J. G. Hulswit
Summary: Comparing the evolution of distantly related viruses can provide insights into common adaptive processes related to shared ecological niches. Phylogenetic approaches, coupled with other molecular evolution tools, can help identify mutations informative on adaptation, although the structural contextualization of these to functional sites of proteins may help gain insight into their biological properties.
GENOME BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2023)
Correction
Virology
Verity Hill, Louis Du Plessis, Thomas P. Peacock, Dinesh Aggarwal, Rachel Colquhoun, Alesandro M. Carabelli, Nicholas Ellaby, Eileen Gallagher, Natalie Groves, Ben Jackson, J. T. McCrone, Aline O'Toole, Anna Price, Theo Sanderson, Emily Scher, Joel Southgate, Erik Volz, Wendy S. Barclay, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Meera Chand, Thomas Connor, Ian Goodfellow, Ravindra K. Gupta, Ewan M. Harrison, Nicholas Loman, Richard Myers, David L. Robertson, Oliver G. Pybus, Andrew Rambaut
Article
Virology
Verity Hill, Louis Du Plessis, Thomas P. Peacock, Dinesh Aggarwal, Rachel Colquhoun, Alesandro M. Carabelli, Nicholas Ellaby, Eileen Gallagher, Natalie Groves, Ben Jackson, J. T. McCrone, Aine O'Toole, Anna Price, Theo Sanderson, Emily Scher, Joel Southgate, Erik Volz, Wendy S. Barclay, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Meera Chand, Thomas Connor, Ian Goodfellow, Ravindra K. Gupta, Ewan M. Harrison, Nicholas Loman, Richard Myers, David L. Robertson, Oliver G. Pybus, Andrew Rambaut
Summary: The text discusses the origin and characteristics of the first designated variant of concern (VOC) of SARS-CoV-2, Alpha, and its rapid global spread. It explores the sampled sequences ancestral to Alpha and proposes explanations for how Alpha acquired numerous mutations while remaining largely undetected in a region with high genomic surveillance. The study also compares the ancestral branches and mutation profiles of other VOCs, highlighting the distinctiveness of the Delta variant.
Article
Virology
Michelle Wille, Conny Tolf, Neus Latorre-Margalef, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Rebecca A. Halpin, David E. Wentworth, Jayna Ragwani, Oliver G. Pybus, Bjorn Olsen, Jonas Waldenstrom
Summary: The genetic features of the H4 subtype avian influenza virus in Swedish mallards change over time, possibly resulting in antigenic differences, and different genome constellations are formed through reassortment.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Zengmiao Wang, Yonghong Liu, Yapin Li, Guangze Wang, Jose Lourenco, Moritz Kraemer, Qixin He, Bernard Cazeiles, Yidan Li, Ruixue Wang, Dongqi Gao, Yuchun Li, Wenjing Song, Dingwei Sun, Lu Dong, Oliver G. Pybus, Nils Chr Stenseth, Huaiyu Tian
Summary: This study investigates the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of malaria and the impact of climate change on malaria transmission in Hainan, China. The findings suggest that the timing of the peak incidence of malaria has changed in different regions of Hainan due to rising temperatures. The study provides empirical support for the opposing effects of increasing temperatures on malaria dynamics in lowland and highland regions. The results have important implications for malaria control and should be considered in future modeling and disease burden calculations.
LANCET PLANETARY HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jayna Raghwani, Louis du Plessis, John T. McCrone, Sarah C. Hill, Kris Parag, Julien Theze, Dinesh Kumar, Apurva Puvar, Ramesh Pandit, Oliver G. Pybus, Guillaume Fournie, Madhvi Joshi, Chaitanya Joshi
Summary: This study investigates the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Gujarat, India, and reveals that global and regional connectivity, as well as population density, are major drivers of the outbreak. The virus primarily spreads from densely populated urban centers to areas with lower population density.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)