Quantifying edges as gradients at multiple scales improves habitat selection models for northern spotted owl

Testing the influence of edges on animal distributions depends on our capacity to quantify 'edge', particularly in heterogeneous landscapes. Habitat quality is likely to differ in instances where edges are abrupt and anthropogenic in origin, versus diffuse, disturbance-created edges. We tested whether or not structurally distinct edge types influence northern spotted owl habitat selection and whether the relationship between edge type and use varied across spatial scales relevant to owl foraging (< 3 ha) and home range selection (50-800 ha). We used remotely sensed disturbance severity data to define two distinct edge types, 'hard' and 'diffuse', following a 11,000 ha fire and subsequent salvage logging in southern Oregon. The approach quantifies the steepness of gradients directly by measuring the 'slope' of change in disturbance severity. We tested the degree to which 23 radio-collared spotted owls responded to edge characteristics caused by fire and logging. Spotted owls showed a strong negative association with hard edge, even after accounting for habitat suitability and other confounding variables. However, this negative relationship was highly scale-dependent; spotted owls were resilient to hard edges at broad scales, but avoided the same feature at fine scales. On the other hand, spotted owls showed a positive association with diffuse edge, especially at broader scales. Differential use of edge types indicates that owls favor disturbances that create diffuse edge habitat (e.g. low and mixed-severity fire) and rather than abrupt boundaries created by high severity disturbance.