Quantifying spatiotemporal drivers of environmental heterogeneity in Kruger National Park, South Africa

Environmental heterogeneity is considered an important mechanism of biodiversity. How environmental heterogeneity is characterised by the compositional, structural and functional variation of biotic and abiotic components is a central research theme in conservation. We explore how environmental heterogeneity relates to the underlying physical landscape template and how that relationship changes over space and time. We examine how, in some areas, environmental heterogeneity may also be driven by dynamic ecological processes, and how this relates to patterns of plant species richness. We use local geographically weighted regression to spatially partition environmental heterogeneity, measured as Landsat spectral variance, into the portion explained by stable physical landscape properties (R-2) and the portion unexplained (1-R-2) which we term landscape complexity. We explore how this relationship varies spatially and temporally as a function of dynamic ecological processes such as rainfall and season in Kruger National Park, as well as plant species richness at landscape scales. The significance and direction of relationships varied over space and time and as a function of rainfall and season. R-2 values generally decreased in higher rainfall summer months and revealed patterns describing the importance of known stable factors relative to unknown dynamic factors. Landscape complexity (1-R-2) explained over 70 % of variation in species richness. Rainfall and seasonality are important drivers of environmental heterogeneity. The spatial arrangement and magnitude of model agreement helped disentangle the relative influence of the physical landscape template on environmental heterogeneity. Given the high correlation with species richness, landscape complexity provides complementary guidance to biodiversity research and monitoring prioritization.