Advances in Raman spectroscopy and imaging for biomedical research

Starting with a historical account of evolution in Raman spectroscopy, in this review we provide details of the advancements that have pushed detection limits to single molecules and enabled non-invasive molecular characterization of distinct organelles to provide next-generation bioanalytical assays and ultrasensitive molecular and cellular diagnostics. Amidst a growing number of publications in recent years, there is an unmet need for a consolidated review that discusses salient aspects of Raman spectroscopy that are broadly applicable in biosensing ranging from fundamental biology to disease identification and staging, to drug screening and food and agriculture quality control. This review offers a discussion across this range of applications and focuses on the convergent use of Raman spectroscopy, coupling it to bioanalysis, agriculture, and food quality control, which can affect human life through biomedical research, drug discovery, and disease diagnostics. We also highlight how the potent combination of advanced spectroscopy and machine-learning algorithms can further advance Raman data analysis, leading to the emergence of an optical Omics discipline, coined Ramanomics. Finally, we present our perspectives on future needs and opportunities.(c) 2023 Optica Publishing Group

Automated summary

This review provides a historical account of the evolution of Raman spectroscopy and discusses advancements that have allowed for the detection of single molecules and non-invasive analysis of organelles. It addresses the need for a consolidated overview of Raman spectroscopy's broad applications in biosensing, from fundamental biology to disease identification, drug screening, and quality control in food and agriculture. The review also highlights the convergence of Raman spectroscopy with bioanalysis, agriculture, and food quality control, and explores the potential of combining advanced spectroscopy with machine-learning algorithms to establish a new field known as Ramanomics. Future needs and opportunities are also discussed.