Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Aikaterini Voulgaridou, Theodosia A. Kalfa
Summary: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare disease in children that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Warm AIHA and cold agglutinin syndrome caused by cold-reactive antibodies are common types, and further evaluation is needed for cases with negative DAT results. w-AIHA in children is often secondary to underlying immune dysregulation syndromes.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Zhengrui Xiao, Irina Murakhovskaya
Summary: AIHA is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of red blood cells mediated by autoantibodies, presenting challenges in treatment. Traditional first-line therapies have associated adverse effects and treatment failures, with high rates of relapse. Some patients are refractory to available treatments, leading to the importance of novel therapies.
Article
Pediatrics
Shrutiprajna Kar, C. G. Delhi Kumar, Rakhee Kar, Abhishekh Basavarajegowda
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the triggers, clinical profile, treatment response, and outcome of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in children. A total of 46 children aged 1 month to 14 years were included in the study. Secondary AIHA was more common than primary AIHA, with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) being the most common trigger. Primary AIHA had a better prognosis.
INDIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS
(2023)
Review
Pathology
Angela Guenther, Anne Tierens, Agnieszka Malecka, Jan Delabie
Summary: Primary cold agglutinin disease is a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by circulating antibodies against I antigen. It has been recognized as a distinct B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and has been included in the most recent classifications of mature B-cell neoplasms.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Femke V. M. Mulder, Dorothea Evers, Masja de Haas, Marjan J. Cruijsen, Sophie J. Bernelot Moens, Wilma Barcellini, Bruno Fattizzo, Josephine M. I. Vos
Summary: This article discusses severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), including its definition, understanding of severity and prognosis. Though there are no validated predictors for severe disease course, certain risk factors can aid in identifying severe cases. Certain serological subtypes are associated with lower hemoglobin levels, higher transfusion need and mortality. Currently, there is no evidence-based therapeutic approach, but there are general management strategies and emerging therapeutic options. Further research and development of prediction models and new drugs are needed in the future.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Marion Louvois, Loic Simon, Christelle Pomares, Pierre-Yves Jeandel, Elisa Demonchy, Michel Carles, Pascal Delaunay, Johan Courjon
Summary: Malaria remains a prevalent disease in Africa, with imported cases also occurring in Europe. The standard treatment often involves intravenous artesunate for severe cases and oral artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for uncomplicated cases. Delayed hemolytic anemia (DHA) after intravenous artesunate has been extensively described, and while a connection to an autoimmune process is still uncertain, cases with positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) have been reported. This adverse reaction is not recognized with oral ACT, but there have been a few reported cases of DHA occurring after oral ACT treatment without intravenous artesunate. Here, we present a case of a 42-year-old man who developed hemolytic anemia with positive DAT after receiving dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine combination therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient recovered after corticotherapy, leading us to consider the involvement of the dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine treatment in this side effect.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Hematology
Jeremy W. Jacobs, Cristina A. Figueroa Villalba, Garrett S. Booth, Jennifer S. Woo, Laura D. Stephens, Brian D. Adkins
Summary: Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia that is often overlooked and challenging to diagnose due to the complicated testing methods required. A systematic review of reported cases revealed that PCH most commonly occurs in children with a preceding viral infection, and corticosteroid use is frequent but potentially ineffective. The presence of complement and absence of IgG bound to red blood cells is the most common DAT result, although other findings were observed in a third of cases.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Abdelwahab Jalal Eldin, Roshni Thomas, Gary Gibson, Davis Abongwa, Israa Hassan, Mpey K. Tabot Tabot, Gagan Singh, Ravi Sarma
Summary: This is a case of secondary cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia in a 23-year-old female. It highlights the importance of considering secondary cAHA in patients with cold symptoms or unexplained hemolysis.
CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Maria Celeste Fatone, Lorenzo Cirasino
Summary: This article provides a practical guide for the therapy of autoimmune hemolytic anemias (AIHA) and discusses the different treatment approaches for primary warm AIHA and AIHA from cold agglutinin disease (AIHA from CAD). The article emphasizes the importance of identifying the type of antibody involved in the disease and excluding a secondary form. Rituximab is highlighted as a central treatment for primary warm AIHA and AIHA from CAD.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Hematology
Zhao Wang, Lijin Bo, Yan Xu, Huijuan Liu, Yuping Zhao
Summary: Our study examined serum complement levels in 146 AIHA patients, finding reduced C3 levels in AIHA patients and a tendency towards lower C4 levels in DAT-positive patients. Serum C4 levels were negatively correlated with CAT and DAT titers, and in certain patients with positive CAT and/or DAT (anti-C3d) but negative DAT (anti-IgG), C3/C4 levels were negatively correlated with indirect bilirubin levels.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY HEMATOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Sigbjorn Berentsen, Wilma Barcellini, Shirley D'Sa, Bernd Jilma
Summary: Sutimlimab, the first complement inhibitor to be extensively studied in cold agglutinin disease, has shown high response rates with low toxicity. The drug appears highly useful in severely anemic patients and in those in whom chemoimmunotherapy is contraindicated or has failed. The choice of therapy in cold agglutinin disease should be individualized.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yang Zhou, Yi-Ling Ding, Li-Juan Zhang, Mei Peng, Jian Huang
Summary: In cases of severe hemolytic anemia in pregnant patients, Coombs-negative AIHA should be suspected, both with and without other hematological diseases. Proper monitoring, differential diagnosis, and treatment can lead to successful outcomes for both the mother and baby.
WORLD JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CASES
(2022)
Review
Immunology
B. Fattizzo, W. Barcellini
Summary: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is classified into different types based on antibody characteristics and associated conditions, with warm and cold forms being the main types. The pathogenesis of AIHA is complex and involves various factors, including genetics, environment, and others. Treatment methods vary depending on the AIHA type. The disease may also be complicated by thrombosis and infections, requiring comprehensive management and treatment.
EXPERT REVIEW OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Mirna S. Yacoub, Mahyar Doraji, Sri Yadlapalli
Summary: Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia induced by cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is rare in immunocompetent young adults, and the pathogenesis of severe hemolysis caused by CMV is still unknown.
CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Hematology
Sigbjorn Berentsen, Geir E. Tjonnfjord
Summary: Cold agglutinin disease can be treated through targeted therapies focusing on clonal B-cell lymphoproliferation and complement-mediated hemolysis. Bendamustine plus rituximab combination and sutimlimab have shown success in treating the disease. Bendamustine-rituximab is effective but slow-acting, while sutimlimab is highly efficacious and acts rapidly with low toxicity.
TRANSFUSION MEDICINE REVIEWS
(2022)