Review
Construction & Building Technology
Yangfan Xu, Yangyang Lv, Chunxiang Qian
Summary: Steel slag is a valuable secondary resource that has promising development prospects, but its industrial application is limited due to complex phases. Various phase analysis methods have been adopted, but they lack accuracy and reliability. This review aims to overcome these obstacles by visually analyzing the morphology, microstructure, and internal texture of steel slag, as well as quantitatively detecting specific components. Methods such as XRF, QXRD, NMR, TG analysis, and Rietveld refinement are introduced for chemical composition and mineralogical component analysis. The review provides valuable guidance for systematizing the qualitative and quantitative analysis of steel slag phases.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Fitrotun Aliyah, Imam Kambali, Angga Fajar Setiawan, Yasmin Md Radzi, Azhar Abdul Rahman
Summary: Steel slag is a byproduct of the steel industry that has been increasingly utilized as a natural aggregate replacement in shielding concrete production. Despite some drawbacks, the addition of steel slag to concrete has proven to enhance its performance as an ionizing radiation shield. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the research efforts on steel slag utilization in shielding concrete, including the characterization of steel slag, mix design and mechanical properties of concrete, and analysis of radiation test findings. The review concludes that while steel slag concrete can improve compressive and tensile strength, it may reduce workability and its radiation shielding performance at high temperatures.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Quan Van Ho, Trong-Phuoc Huynh
Summary: Steel slag can be used as a substitute for natural aggregate in concrete production, reducing resource exploitation and environmental impact. This study found that using steel slag as a replacement for natural aggregate and adding fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag can significantly improve the engineering properties, durability, and microstructure of high-performance concrete. Furthermore, concrete produced with steel slag, fly ash, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag has better economic and environmental benefits compared to natural aggregate concrete.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Review
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Xiaobing Yang, Fusong Dong, Xizhi Zhang, Chenzhuo Li, Qian Gao
Summary: This paper reviews the research on the comprehensive utilization of magnesium slag (MS) and proposes using MS to prepare backfill materials. The results show that mixing MS with other materials can meet the requirements of backfilling mining.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Ke Liu, Zhangfu Yuan, Hongxin Zhao, Bingsheng Xu, Yi Lu, Han Zhang, Bowen Ma
Summary: This study proposes a novel and low-cost composite phase change material (PCM) using industrial solid waste steel slag as the main raw material. The PCM shows good adsorption of NaNO3 salts and has high porosity, mechanical strength, and thermal conductivity. It can effectively prevent the leakage of molten NaNO3 salt. The research provides a prospective process for collecting and storing waste heat from the steel industry, contributing to sustainable development.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yan-Hui Feng, Zhen Zhang, Jie Gao, Guang-Peng Feng, Lin Qiu, Dai-Li Feng, Xin-Xin Zhang, Xun Zhu
Summary: This paper discusses the importance of heat recovery and resource utilization of molten blast furnace slags in industrial energy saving and emission reduction, as well as the advantages and related mechanisms of centrifugal granulation technology. It focuses on factors such as liquid film thickness, ligament number, and droplet diameter in the centrifugal granulation process, and emphasizes the influence of slag particle solidification and phase change on further utilization in the physical waste heat recovery process.
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
(2021)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Zeen Yu, Lei Wang, Qi Zheng, Xiaokui Che, Xinglan Cui, Shenyu Wei, Hongxia Li, Xinyue Shi
Summary: This paper summarizes the different treatment methods for antimony tailings and metallurgical slag, and highlights their advantages, disadvantages, and future research directions.
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Fanghui Han, Hongbo Zhang, Yuchen Li, Zengqi Zhang
Summary: This paper summarizes the research on FNS as supplementary cementitious materials, aggregates, and precursors, and comprehensively analyzes the sustainable utilization of FNS. The results suggest that BFS is suitable as SCMs, but it needs to be ground to 400-500 m^2/kg. EFS is suitable as aggregate. The research direction of further improving the recycling efficiency and cleaner production of FNS is given based on the results of this paper.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Eka Oktavia Kurniati, Federico Pederson, Hee-Jeong Kim
Summary: This paper examines and compares widely used industrial by-products such as steel slag, ferronickel slag, copper tailings, and copper slag in the construction industry, focusing on their chemical compositions, concrete performance, and environmental suitability. The study finds that these by-products can enhance specific mechanical properties of concrete when used as substitutes for cement and fine aggregate, and the environmental concerns are evaluated through leaching tests, with most heavy metal contents below specific standards.
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
(2023)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Yao-hui Yu, Chuan-ming Du
Summary: Phosphorus (P) is a desirable nutrient element for crops, but it is a non-renewable resource. With over-exploitation of high-grade phosphate rocks, finding alternative P sources becomes urgent. Steelmaking slag, with its increasing P content, is considered a potential P source. Efficient separation of P from slag enables its use as a raw material for phosphate products and the reuse of P-removal slag as a metallurgical flux. This paper reviews the separation method and mechanism of P from slag, as well as the enrichment of P in the mineral phase through cooling treatment and modification, proposing a collaborative processing of steelmaking slag and other P-bearing industrial solid wastes for sustainable development.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Yue Wang, Jianhui Liu, Xiang Hu, Jun Chang, Tingting Zhang, Caijun Shi
Summary: Accelerated carbonation can enhance the utilization of steel slag in construction materials by addressing volume expansion and sequestering CO2. This study examines the thermodynamics, degree, methods, and factors influencing carbonation of steel slag. The theoretical CO2 uptake ranges from 25% to 50%, but the actual distribution follows a normal curve with a median value of 15%, influenced by carbonation methods and factors such as temperature, CO2 concentration, slag particle size, liquid-solid ratio, and extraction agents. The effects of accelerated carbonation on mechanical properties and stability of steel slag-based building materials are analyzed, along with a summary of enhanced products. Valuable suggestions for further research and industrial application are provided.
JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yongkui Li, Suqin Li, Xiaodong Pan, Xin Zhao, Penghui Guo
Summary: Arsenic, a toxic environmental pollutant, can be effectively removed from wastewater using a cost-effective Fe-based material derived from steel slag.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Gulsen Tozsin, Fatih Yonar, Onuralp Yucel, Atilla Dikbas
Summary: The aim of this study is to explore the potential use of steel slags as backfill material in coastal structures. The physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the steel slags were investigated, and their environmental risks were evaluated. The results showed that the steel slags met the requirements for use as backfill material, with improved performance compared to natural aggregates. The concentration of heavy metals in the slags was also below the regulatory limits. It is recommended that EAF slags be aged for at least 6 months and BOF slags for at least 24 months before being used as backfill material in coastal structures.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Xu Wang, Haisheng Hu, Meitang Liu, Yunfei Li, Yong Tang, Lun Zhuang, Benjun Tian
Summary: This study achieved the comprehensive utilization of lithium slag, proposing an experimental scheme for preparing nano-kaolinite and xonotlite from it. It demonstrates great potential for green recycling of spodumene waste residue and introduces a new economical processing technique for the slag.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Guifang Wang, Jie Xiang, Guangchuan Liang, Jing Wang, Shaojian Ma, Chunlin He
Summary: Industrial solid waste has wide-ranging impacts on land, atmosphere, water, and other resources, containing various harmful substances. However, it also has potential value as an industrial by-product. This paper provides a review of studies on different industrial solid wastes in wastewater treatment and discusses their applications in dyeing, heavy metal, and phosphorus-containing wastewater. The formation of materials with high adsorption properties for pollutants in wastewater through the modification of industrial solid waste and the preparation of composite materials is also explored. The limitations of solid waste applications for wastewater treatment, such as the lack of eco-friendly modification methods and toxicity assessment, are identified.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Ri Zhang, Shasha Zhang, Mengyan Ding
Summary: A thin liquid film method is proposed to evaluate sand erosion in annular flow. This method considers the direct interaction between the liquid film and gas core, as well as the entrainment and deposition of droplets. The erosion rate is calculated by considering the effects of liquid entrainment and particle velocity decay. The method is fully verified by comparing with experimental data.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yu Suo, Xianheng Su, Wenyuan He, Xiaofei Fu, Zhejun Pan
Summary: This research investigates the mechanical properties of sandstone-shale composite through orthogonal experimental method and discrete element simulation. The results show that different lithologies and thickness ratios can affect the strength and fracture mode of the composite rock samples.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Maurizio Troiano, Andrea El Hassanin, Roberto Solimene, Alessia Teresa Silvestri, Fabrizio Scala, Antonino Squillace, Piero Salatino
Summary: This study investigates the potential of Fluidized Bed Finishing (FBF) for square flat AlSi10Mg specimens manufactured via Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing technology. The results show that good finishing can be achieved using rotation-assisted tests, with a maximum reduction of surface roughness by 67%. Steel particles are found to be the most effective bed material.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Ningbo Song, Wanzhong Yin, Jin Yao
Summary: Seawater's dissolved salts and minerals have various effects on the flotation process, including influencing the characteristics and behavior of flotation factors, as well as affecting the surface of sulfide minerals. In most cases, seawater has adverse effects on the flotation of sulfide minerals, but these effects can be mitigated by adjusting the reagents.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kaiqiao Wu, Shuxian Jiang, Victor Francia, Marc-Olivier Coppens
Summary: In rectangular and cylindrical annular fluidized beds, pulsating gas flow can create regular bubble patterns, overcoming challenges seen in conventional units. This study provides new opportunities for modularization of fluidized bed operations.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Shuo Li, Huili Zhang, Jan Baeyens, Miao Yang, Zehao Li, Yimin Deng
Summary: The paper assesses the behavior of cohesive Geldart C-type particles when fluidized by air with the aid of vibration. It determines that mechanical vibration is a simple and effective method to improve the fluidity of cohesive particles during fluidization.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhenfei Feng, Qingyuan Zhang, Shanpan Liang, Zhenzhou Li, Fangwen Guo, Jinxin Zhang, Ding Yuan
Summary: A new micro/mini-channel heat sink (MCHS) with a combined structure of longitudinal and transverse vortex generators is designed, using Al2O3 nanofluid as the working medium. The study explores the effects of transverse vortex generator shape and longitudinal vortex generator angle on the hydraulic and thermal characteristics, comprehensive performance, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency. The results show that the triangular transverse vortex generator improves the comprehensive performance and exergy efficiency. Combined with the longitudinal vortex generator, the MCHS achieves the best comprehensive performance, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency when the Reynolds number is 742.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kostas Giannis, Christoph Thon, Guoqing Yang, Arno Kwade, Carsten Schilde
Summary: This study presents a 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) methodology for generating realistic 3D models of particles. The method trains on 2D projections of particle images to predict their 3D shapes, and evaluates the accuracy of the predictions using Fourier shape descriptors (FSDs). This methodology has wide applications in particle shape analysis.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zheng-qing Zhou, Lu-jia Chai, Yu-long Zhang, Ya-bin Wang, Ze-chen Du, Tian-yi Wang, Yu-zhe Liu
Summary: The dynamic oxidation and shell-breaking processes of aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) during heating were studied using in situ transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that the changes in shell thickness can be divided into three stages, and the active aluminum content of ANP decreased before shell-breaking.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Fulei Chen, Huaqing Ma, Zihan Liu, Lianyong Zhou, Yongzhi Zhao
Summary: A particle breakage model based on the particle replacement scheme, using the polyhedral model to describe particles, is proposed in this work to accurately describe the breakage of a large number of particles. Additionally, a fast-cutting algorithm is proposed to reproduce the size distribution of progeny particles determined by the breakage model. The validation and simulation results show satisfactory accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the algorithm.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Matteo Errigo, Christopher Windows-Yule, Massimiliano Materazzi, Dominik Werner, Paola Lettieri
Summary: Gas-solid fluidized-bed systems have advantages in terms of chemical reaction efficiency and temperature control, making them widely used in industrial applications. However, the design, scale-up, and optimization of these complex units are limited by the lack of deep physical understanding. Non-invasive and non-intrusive diagnostic techniques provide a way for researchers to study these systems without affecting the flow field or directly contacting the medium under study.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Saeed Fateh, Mohammad Behshad Shafii, Mohammad Najafi, Cyrus Aghanajafi
Summary: Applying a magnetic field to ferrofluids alters their flow characteristics and enhances heat transfer. Through visualization and quantitative investigation, it is found that the magnetic field influences the flow patterns and velocity profiles, improving fluid mixing and vorticity magnitude.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lei Gao, Bingbing Wei, Xiaochuan Hu, Zaifeng Yao, Yiwen Fang, Xuejian Gao
Summary: In this study, a numerical model of sand triaxial test was established using discrete element software PFC3D, and an indoor triaxial test was conducted to calibrate the numerical model. The influence of microscopic parameters on the macroscopic mechanical response of sand was analyzed. The results showed that the friction coefficient had the greatest impact on the peak strength and residual strength of the sand's stress-strain curve, and it was positively correlated. The normal tangential stiffness ratio was negatively correlated, while the porosity and boundary flexibility stiffness had minimal influence on it.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Xuan Liu, Jie Gong, Kai Jiang, Xiaojuan Lai, Yu Tian, Kang Zhang
Summary: This study aimed to improve the performance of lignite coal water slurries (CWSs) by synthesizing a series of three-arm amphiphilic block copolymers. By controlling the relative molecular weight, hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio, and ionic group content, the apparent viscosity of CWSs was significantly reduced and the static stability was improved. Thermogravimetric testing and XPS analysis were conducted to reveal the mechanism behind the improved performance.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lanka Dinushke Weerasiri, Daniel Fabijanic, Subrat Das
Summary: Fluidization at low pressure offers significant benefits for the fine chemical industry. This study investigates the behavior of bubbles and bed expansion under low pressure conditions. It is found that lower pressure leads to larger bubbles, increased bubble quantity, and higher aspect ratio. The predictability is affected by the inhomogeneous fluidization, but low pressure fluidization can generate similar bubble sizes with lower fluidizing mass compared to atmospheric pressure.