Anisotropic cell growth and cell wall structure in lenticular cell of Valonia utricularis (Ulvophyceae)

During cell division of the giant-celled green alga, Valonia utricularis, a lenticular cell is newly formed, which grows from disc-shaped to globular to obovoid. During the early developmental stages of growth, the cell surface shows a remarkable outward protrusion. In the present study, the anisotropy of cell growth, i.e. the difference between cell surface extension in meridional and radial orientation, was investigated by analyzing the movement of the surface markers in a living cell. Growth was isotropic around the cell zenith but of two different kinds of anisotropic growth in other regions; radial extension was dominant in cell periphery and meridional extension in intermediate regions between zenith and periphery. Moreover, local orientation of cellulose microfibrils was observed on the inner surface of the cell wall during different stages of early development in lenticular cell using an atomic force microscope. Cellulose microfibrils showed meridional orientation overall and this phenomenon was most remarkable in the periphery of the cell, suggesting the possibility of cellulose microfibrils promoting radial extension of cells by suppressing meridional extension of cell wall.

Automated summary

In the cell division of Valonia utricularis, a new lenticular cell is formed and undergoes disc-shaped to globular to obovoid growth. The cell surface shows remarkable outward protrusion during early growth stages. The study reveals isotropic growth around the cell zenith and anisotropic growth in other regions, with radial extension dominant in the cell periphery and meridional extension in intermediate regions between zenith and periphery. Furthermore, cellulose microfibrils exhibit meridional orientation overall, particularly pronounced at the cell periphery, suggesting their involvement in promoting radial cell extension by suppressing meridional extension of the cell wall.