N, S Co-Doped Carbons Derived from Enteromorpha prolifera by a Molten Salt Approach: Antibiotics Removal Performance and Techno-Economic Analysis

N, S co-doped bio-carbons with a hierarchical porous structure and high surface area were prepared using a molten salt method and by adopting Entermorpha prolifera (EP) as a precursor. The structure and composition of the bio-carbons could be manipulated by the salt types adopted in the molten salt assisted pyrolysis. When the carbons were used as an activating agent for peroxydisulfate (PDS) in SMX degradation in the advanced oxidation process (AOP), the removal performance in the case of KCl derived bio-carbon (EPB-K) was significantly enhanced compared with that derived from NaCl (EPB-Na). In addition, the optimized EPB-K also demonstrated a high removal rate of 99.6% in the system that used local running water in the background, which proved its excellent application potential in real water treatment. The degradation mechanism study indicated that the N, S doping sites could enhance the surface affinity with the PDS, which could then facilitate O-1(2) generation and the oxidation of the SMX. Moreover, a detailed techno-economic assessment suggested that the price of the salt reaction medium was of great significance as it influenced the cost of the bio-carbons. In addition, although the cost of EPB-K was higher (USD 2.34 kg(-1)) compared with that of EPB-Na (USD 1.72 kg(-1)), it was still economically competitive with the commercial active carbons for AOP water treatment.

Automated summary

N, S co-doped bio-carbons with a hierarchical porous structure and high surface area were prepared using a molten salt method. KCl derived bio-carbon (EPB-K) showed significantly enhanced removal performance in SMX degradation compared with NaCl derived bio-carbon (EPB-Na). The N, S doping sites in the bio-carbons enhanced the surface affinity with peroxydisulfate (PDS), facilitating the oxidation of SMX. Techno-economic assessment suggested that EPB-K was economically competitive with commercial active carbons for AOP water treatment, despite its higher cost.