Heterogeneous catalytic materials for carboxylation reactions with CO2 as reactant

As the most abundant C1 carbon source, as well as renewable and highly environmentally unfriendly compound, carbon dioxide serves as a very promising compound for the chemical industry. This review focuses on heterogeneous catalytic conversion of CO2 to various compounds, which would then offer reusable, cheaper, and safer reaction conditions. Most of the heterogeneously catalyzed reactions with CO2 involve carboxylation of simple alcohols to alkyl carbonates, thus formation of new C-O bonds. Additional C-O bond-forming type- reactions involve formation of cyclic carbonates from carboxylation of glycerol, propargylic alcohols, and epoxides. C-N bond formation was also investigated through carbamates synthesis, while most importantly C-C bond formation was discussed in preparation of various carboxylic acids. In this review article, the state-of-the-art was presented with detailed elaboration on reaction conditions used, activity/selectivity or chosen catalysts, as well as critical comparison in results obtained and conclusions drawn from most recent publications.

Automated summary

This review article focuses on the heterogeneous catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to various compounds. It discusses the formation of alkyl carbonates, cyclic carbonates, carbamates, and carboxylic acids through carboxylation reactions. The article provides detailed elaboration on reaction conditions, catalysts, activity/selectivity, and comparison of results obtained from recent publications.