Correlating the morphology of Anacardium occidentale L. fruits from 30 orchards with their physicochemical and nutritional properties

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a cross-pollinating plant whose fruit consists of two parts, the nut, and the apple. This study aimed to carry out agro-morphological characteristics of cashew fruits to establish relationships with their physicochemical and nutritional properties. Thirty (30) cashew accessions fruits were sampled in different regions of Burkina Faso. The length, width, thickness, weight, yield, kernel output ratio (KOR), proximate composition, specific minerals, phenolic compounds, and anti-nutritional factors were assessed. Evaluations were made using standard methods. The results showed significant variations in agro-morphological, physicochemical and nutritional traits depending on the accessions and the organ. Also, the ratio of apple mass versus nut one was about 12.24 +/- 1.24. Kernels are an important source of proteins, fat, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, with average contents of 22.84 +/- 1.25 g/100 g, 51.65 +/- 2.54 g/100 g, 9.78 +/- 2.15 mg GAE/g, and 6.24 +/- 12.15 mg QE/g, respectively. As for the apples, they contained substantial quantities of Potassium, Phosphorus, Chlorine, and Magnesium with contents of 611.24 +/- 14.5 mg/100 g, 418.24 +/- 16.47 mg/100 g, 332.24 +/- 10.54 mg/100 g, and 224.95 +/- 13.15 mg/100 g, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that mineral and phytate contents were positively correlated to cashew apples while phenolic compounds and tannins were strongly correlated with walnuts. Principal component analyses showed three groups of accessions based on apples and kernels characteristics. These data showed a direct relationship between cashew physicochemical, nutritional potentials, kernels, and apples' agro-morphological characteristics. These data constitute an important basis for the identification of cashew accessions with high nutritional and economic potential.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the agro-morphological, physicochemical, and nutritional characteristics of cashew fruits and found significant variations depending on the accessions and organs. Cashew kernels were found to be rich in proteins, fats, and phenolic compounds, while cashew apples contained substantial amounts of potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, and magnesium. Statistical analyses revealed positive correlations between mineral and phytate contents with cashew apples, and strong correlations between phenolic compounds and tannins with cashew kernels. Principal component analyses identified three groups of accessions based on apples and kernels characteristics. These findings provide an important basis for identifying cashew accessions with high nutritional and economic potential.