Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yao Fan, Xiang Li, Lei Zhang, Shu Wan, Long Zhang, Fangfang Zhou
Summary: Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has emerged as the most mutated and concerning variant. It has shown high transmissibility and immune evasion abilities, rapidly replacing the Delta variant in several regions. However, recent studies suggest that Omicron has reduced pathogenicity and significant resistance to vaccines and antibody therapies. This review summarizes the molecular and clinical characteristics of Omicron, discusses potential therapeutic approaches, and highlights strategies for ending the pandemic.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2022)
Review
Virology
A. Lino, M. A. Cardoso, P. Martins-Lopes, H. M. R. Goncalves
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected nearly 300 million people worldwide, causing over 6 million deaths by March 2022. The emergence of new variants, such as Omicron, has raised concerns due to their high infectivity and transmissibility. It is crucial to closely monitor and study the impact of Omicron on antibody escape, spread, and infectious ability.
REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tirthankar Koley, Manoj Kumar, Arunima Goswami, Abdul S. Ethayathulla, Gururao Hariprasad
Summary: This study analyzes the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 through simulation studies, revealing mutations in the spike glycoprotein and receptor binding domain that enhance the interactions with the ACE receptor. This explains the high transmissibility of the Omicron variant observed worldwide.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Review
Virology
K. Akash, Avinash Sharma, Deepak Kumar, Sachin K. Singh, Gaurav Gupta, Dinesh K. Chellappan, Kamal Dua, Rupak Nagraik
Summary: This article comprehensively discusses the genomic characteristics, mutations, antibody resistance, and detection methods of the Omicron variant, as well as vaccine immunity and strategies to control and prevent Omicron and COVID-19. It is of great significance for understanding and addressing Omicron and COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Qian Wang, Sho Iketani, Zhiteng Li, Yicheng Guo, Andre Yanchen Yeh, Michael Liu, Jian Yu, Zizhang Sheng, Yaoxing Huang, Lihong Liu, David D. Ho
Summary: The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.75 exhibits moderate resistance to neutralization by sera from vaccinated/boosted individuals compared to the currently circulating BA.2, but is more sensitive than BA.4/5. BA.2.75 shows heightened resistance to class 1 and class 3 monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike-receptor-binding domain, while gaining sensitivity to class 2 antibodies. The resistance is mainly conferred by two mutations. BA.2.75 also shows slight resistance to a therapeutic antibody with potent activity against all Omicron subvariants. Additionally, BA.2.75 exhibits higher binding affinity to the host receptor ACE2 compared to other Omicron subvariants.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Wanchao Yin, Youwei Xu, Peiyu Xu, Xiaodan Cao, Canrong Wu, Chunyin Gu, Xinheng He, Xiaoxi Wang, Sijie Huang, Qingning Yuan, Kai Wu, Wen Hu, Zifu Huang, Jia Liu, Zongda Wang, Fangfang Jia, Kaiwen Xia, Peipei Liu, Xueping Wang, Bin Song, Jie Zheng, Hualiang Jiang, Xi Cheng, Yi Jiang, Su-Jun Deng, H. Eric Xu
Summary: The structures of the Omicron spike trimer and its interactions with ACE2 and an anti-Omicron antibody are reported. Most mutations in Omicron are located on the spike protein surface, altering binding to many existing antibodies. Compensating mutations in the ACE2-binding site enhance binding to ACE2. The therapeutic antibody JMB2002 maintains neutralizing activity against Omicron and inhibits ACE2 binding.
Article
Immunology
Daniela Bottero, Erika Rudi, Pablo Martin Aispuro, Eugenia Zurita, Emilia Gaillard, Maria M. Gonzalez Lopez Ledesma, Juan Malito, Matthew Stuible, Nicolas Ambrosis, Yves Durocher, Andrea V. Gamarnik, Andres Wigdorovitz, Daniela Hozbor
Summary: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a heterologous three-dose vaccination schedule against Omicron BA.1 variant infection and found that mRNA-based vaccines performed the best in enhancing both humoral and cellular immune responses. Heterologous schedules showed better immunological outcomes for AZD1222-based primary series compared to homologous three-dose AZD1222 regimen. All tested schedules induced immune cell populations and protected mice from intranasal challenge with Omicron BA.1.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Matthew Gagne, Juan Moliva, Kathryn E. Foulds, Shayne F. Andrew, Barbara J. Flynn, Anne P. Werner, Danielle A. Wagner, I-Ting Teng, Bob C. Lin, Christopher Moore, Nazaire Jean-Baptiste, Robin Carroll, Stephanie L. Foster, Mit Patel, Madison Ellis, Venkata-Viswanadh Edara, Nahara Vargas Maldonado, Mahnaz Minai, Lauren McCormick, Christopher Cole Honeycutt, Bianca M. Nagata, Kevin W. Bock, Caitlyn N. M. Dulan, Jamilet Cordon, Dillon R. Flebbe, John-Paul M. Todd, Elizabeth McCarthy, Laurent Pessaint, Alex Van Ry, Brandon Narvaez, Daniel Valentin, Anthony Cook, Alan Dodson, Katelyn Steingrebe, Saule T. Nurmukhambetova, Sucheta Godbole, Amy R. Henry, Farida Laboune, Jesmine Roberts-Torres, Cynthia G. Lorang, Shivani Amin, Jessica Trost, Mursal Naisan, Manjula Basappa, Jacquelyn Willis, Lingshu Wang, Wei Shi, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Yi Zhang, Eun Sung Yang, Kwanyee Leung, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Adam S. Olia, Cuiping Liu, Darcy R. Harris, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Isabella Renzi, Yen-Ting Lai, Agata Malinowski, Kai Wu, John R. Mascola, Andrea Carfi, Peter D. Kwong, Darin K. Edwards, Mark G. Lewis, Hanne Andersen, Kizzmekia S. Corbett, Martha C. Nason, Adrian B. McDermott, Mehul S. Suthar, Ian N. Moore, Mario Roederer, Nancy J. Sullivan, Daniel C. Douek, Robert A. Seder
Summary: This study shows that both mRNA-1273 and mRNA-Omicron generate comparable immunity and protection after booster doses, and are able to neutralize the Omicron variant.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Antonio Vitiello, Francesco Ferrara, Amogh M. Auti, Marina Di Domenico, Mariarosaria Boccellino
Summary: This review provides an overview of the molecular profile, epidemiology, transmissibility, impact on vaccines, and pharmacological agents related to the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. Omicron has multiple mutations, including changes in the spike protein, which contribute to its high transmissibility and potential immune escape. Current vaccination provides limited protection against Omicron, while booster doses offer significant protection against mild illness. New oral antiviral agents are emerging as important alternatives for treatment. Further research is needed to determine the infectiousness of Omicron and the effectiveness of available vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and antiviral drugs.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Kangwei Xu, Huang Sun, Kaiqin Wang, Yaru Quan, Zhizhong Qiao, Yaling Hu, Changgui Li
Summary: Developing variant vaccines or multivalent vaccines is a feasible way to address the increased risk posed by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) to global public health. This study established an LC-MS method to accurately quantify the S proteins in monovalent or multivalent vaccines, enabling better distinction and quantification of different strains. The method can be used for quality control of monovalent and multivalent SARS-CoV-2 variant vaccines.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Esmaeil Roohparvar Basmenj, Behnoosh Omidvar, Armity Kiumarsy, Habib Izadkhah, Shamim Ghiabi
Summary: The study focuses on investigating the spike glycoprotein of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 and designing potential multi-epitope vaccine constructs. The vaccine has the potential to elicit immune responses against previous and future variants, including the Omicron variant. By utilizing a Java-based tool, conserved epitopes with high immunogenicity scores were identified, ensuring their non-toxic and non-allergenic properties. The vaccine was constructed by integrating the identified conserved epitopes with linkers and adjuvants, and its efficacy and performance were evaluated through computational tests.
JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Virology
Maria Francilene Souza Silva, Fatima de Cassia Evangelista de Oliveira, Ana Carolina M. Dinelly Pinto, Maria Claudia dos S. Luciano, Max Moreira Lizano Garcia, Fernanda Montenegro de C. Araujo, Marcela H. Gambim Fonseca
Summary: We investigated the impact of the fourth dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 during a 9-month follow-up period in Brazil, where Omicron was the predominant variant. The study found that the additional antibody response to the viral spike protein after the fourth dose was smaller than after the third dose, while the levels of IgG for the nucleocapsid protein increased. There was no significant decline in IgG levels after the fourth dose, indicating a sustained humoral response to both the spike and nucleocapsid proteins.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Emanuele Andreano, Ida Paciello, Giulio Pierleoni, Giuseppe Maccari, Giada Antonelli, Valentina Abbiento, Piero Pileri, Linda Benincasa, Ginevra Giglioli, Giulia Piccini, Concetta De Santi, Claudia Sala, Duccio Medini, Emanuele Montomoli, Piet Maes, Rino Rappuoli
Summary: Omicron strains of SARS-CoV-2 exhibit high transmissibility and immune evasion against antibodies generated from natural infection and vaccination. This study compares the antibody response to vaccination and natural infection, evaluates neutralization after vaccine doses, and analyzes the diversity of these responses. The BA.4 and BA.5 variants of SARS-CoV-2 are only neutralized by approximately 15% of antibodies, with different antibody targeting preferences observed between vaccinated individuals and those who have been infected. Understanding the distinct immune responses elicited by mRNA vaccination and hybrid immunity can inform the development of future therapeutics and vaccines against COVID-19.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qin Hong, Wenyu Han, Jiawei Li, Shiqi Xu, Yifan Wang, Cong Xu, Zuyang Li, Yanxing Wang, Chao Zhang, Zhong Huang, Yao Cong
Summary: This study used cryo-electron microscopy to reveal the structural features of the Omicron variant spike protein and its interactions with the ACE2 receptor and antibodies, providing important insights for further research and design of vaccines targeting this variant.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qiangzhen Yang, Ali Alamdar Shah Syed, Aamir Fahira, Yongyong Shi
Summary: The Omicron variant's S1 NTD structures show significant differences from the original strain, which could result in reduced recognition by antibodies leading to potential immune escape and decreased effectiveness of existing vaccines. This study provides basic data on Omicron protein structures, laying the groundwork for future research on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.
Article
Immunology
Christopher Sie, Ravi Kant, Christian Peter, Andreas Muschaweckh, Monika Pfaller, Lucy Nirschl, Helena Dominguez Moreno, Tereza Chadimova, Gildas Lepennetier, Tanja Kuhlmann, Rupert Ollinger, Thomas Engleitner, Roland Rad, Thomas Korn
Summary: Th17 cells have an intrinsic feedback mechanism to control their pathogenicity, involving the production of IL-24 and secretion of IL-10. IL-24 interacts with Grim19 on the inner mitochondrial membrane to promote STAT3 accumulation in the mitochondrial compartment, which serves as a rheostat to regulate nuclear STAT3 activity. This mechanism plays an important role in restricting immunopathology associated with Th17 cells.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Alka Pandey, Aayushi Pandey, Ragini Dubey, Ravi Kant, Jaya Pandey
Summary: This study describes the synthesis of 3-spirocyclopropyl-2-indolone derivatives in three steps, leading to improved yields. The screened compounds showed significant antimicrobial and anticancer activities, with bromospirocyclopropyl indolone exhibiting the most promising results. Computational modelling studies were also conducted to explore the structure-activity relationship analysis.
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
J. Virtanen, K. Aaltonen, A-M Moisander-Jylha, H. Nordgren, L. Paulin, J. Peura, O. Vapalahti, R. Kant, T. Sironen
Summary: Breeding of tolerant mink can reduce the severity of Aleutian disease and maintain normal health and production rates even in the presence of the virus.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ravi Kant, Prakash Jha, Daman Saluja, Madhu Chopra
Summary: This study investigated the structural and functional relationship between Ng-MurI and D-glutamate in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Through homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, novel compounds with potential inhibitory activity against Ng-MurI were identified. These findings provide insights for the design and development of Ng-MurI inhibitors.
JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Surya Mani Pandey, Jaya Pandey, Keerti Saraswat, Ravi Kant
Summary: In this study, a binuclear dioxidomolybdate chloranilate complex was synthesized using conventional and microwave irradiation methods. The complex showed multiple uses as a micro biocide and insecticide for crop and material protection, household and veterinary pests, and also exhibited anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antitumor activities.
JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Ilya Plyusnin, Olli Vapalahti, Tarja Sironen, Ravi Kant, Teemu Smura
Summary: Viruses are the main cause of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a high-throughput technology that can detect known or novel divergent viruses without prior assumptions. The Lazypipe 2 mNGS pipeline has significant improvements in code stability and transparency, with added functionality and support for new software components.
Article
Immunology
Tobias L. Freitag, Riku Fagerlund, Nihay Laham Karam, Veli-Matti Leppanen, Hasan Ugurlu, Ravi Kant, Petri Makinen, Ahmed Tawfek, Sawan Kumar Jha, Tomas Strandin, Katarzyna Leskinen, Jussi Hepojoki, Tapio Kesti, Lauri Kareinen, Suvi Kuivanen, Emma Koivulehto, Aino Sormunen, Svetlana Laidinen, Ayman Khattab, Paivi Saavalainen, Seppo Meri, Anja Kipar, Tarja Sironen, Olli Vapalahti, Kari Alitalo, Seppo Yla-Herttuala, Kalle Saksela
Summary: Intranasal administration of adenoviral vector vaccines can induce mucosal immunity and protect mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting the potential of this approach for preventing transmission of the virus.
Article
Pathology
Laura Tuomisto, Ravi Kant, Anna-Mariam Kiviranta, Kukka-Maaria Helkioe, Tarja Sironen, Antti Sukura, Rebecca P. Wilkes, Kristel Kegler
Summary: This case report describes a case of granulomatous colitis (GC) associated with adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) that spread to various organs in a 10-year-old, male Sphynx cat. The cat initially experienced diarrhea and sudden blindness before rapidly progressing to ataxia, seizures, and death. Inflammation consistent with granulomatous inflammation was found in all affected organs, and the presence of AIEC within enterocytes and infiltrating macrophages was confirmed.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Anna R. Maekelae, Hasan Ugurlu, Liina Hannula, Ravi Kant, Petja Salminen, Riku Fagerlund, Sanna Maeki, Anu Haveri, Tomas Strandin, Lauri Kareinen, Jussi Hepojoki, Suvi Kuivanen, Lev Levanov, Arja Pasternack, Rauno A. Naves, Olli Ritvos, Pamela oesterlund, Tarja Sironen, Olli Vapalahti, Anja Kipar, Juha T. Huiskonen, Ilona Rissanen, Kalle Saksela
Summary: The authors describe a small antibody-like protein, TriSb92, that can prevent infection by diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants. In cell culture and mice, intranasal treatment with TriSb92 before or shortly after exposure to the virus showed protective effects. This highly manufacturable and stable trimeric antibody-mimetic has the potential to be used as a nasal spray for protecting susceptible individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Xing Wan, Timo M. Takala, Vy A. Huynh, Susanna L. Ahonen, Lars Paulin, Johanna Bjorkroth, Tarja Sironen, Ravi Kant, Per Saris
Summary: Weissella strains are commonly found in spontaneously fermented foods and can improve the sensory properties and nutritional values of the products due to their ability to produce lactic acid, functional exopolysaccharides, and probiotic traits. However, some Weissella species have been associated with human and animal diseases. Genomic analyses are crucial in order to fully understand individual Weissella species.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Parasitology
Fathiah Zakham, Essi M. Korhonen, Petteri T. Puonti, Robert S. Castren, Ruut Uusitalo, Teemu Smura, Ravi Kant, Olli Vapalahti, Tarja Sironen, Paula M. Kinnunen
Summary: This study found a high prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in ticks collected from pet dogs and cats in Finland, emphasizing the importance of awareness and prevention of tick-borne diseases. Veterinary surveillance can facilitate early detection of tick-borne pathogens and new tick species and draw attention to possible co-infections.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2023)
Letter
Immunology
Hanna Vauhkonen, Hannimari Kallio-Kokko, Eija Hiltunen-Back, Lasse Lonnqvist, Jaana Leppaaho-Lakka, Laura Mannonen, Ravi Kant, Tarja Sironen, Satu Kurkela, Maija Lappalainen, Tomaz Mark Zorec, Samo Zakotnik, Doroteja Vlaj, Misa Korva, Tatjana Avsic-Zupanc, Mario Poljak, Teemu Smura, Olli Vapalahti
Summary: Monkeypox virus was introduced to Finland in late May-early June 2022. Analysis of viral genome in a patient's sample showed a major variant with 3 lineage B.1.3-specific mutations and a minor variant with ancestral B.1 nucleotides. The results suggest ongoing evolution mediated by APOBEC3 enzyme or co-infection.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Letter
Immunology
Vincent Bourret, Lara Dutra, Hussein Alburkat, Sanna Maki, Ella Lintunen, Marine Wasniewski, Ravi Kant, Maciej Grzybek, Vinaya Venkat, Hayder Asad, Julien Pradel, Marie Bouilloud, Herwig Leirs, Valeria Carolina Colombo, Vincent Sluydts, Peter Stuart, Andrew McManus, Jana A. Eccard, Jasmin Firozpoor, Christian Imholt, Joanna Nowicka, Aleksander Goll, Nathan Ranc, Guillaume Castel, Nathalie Charbonnel, Tarja Sironen
Summary: We conducted serologic surveillance on 1,237 wild rodents and small mammals in Europe to assess exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that all samples tested negative, except for one possible exception. Despite the potential for human-to-rodent spillover, there is currently no evidence of widespread circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in rodent populations.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Primary Health Care
Kalpana Tiwari, Manisha Bisht, Ravi Kant, Shailendra S. Handu
Summary: This study assessed the prescribing pattern and adherence to ADA treatment guidelines in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. The results showed that oral anti-diabetic drugs were commonly prescribed, with a shift towards the use of fixed-dose combinations. The majority of prescriptions were adherent to ADA guidelines.
JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE AND PRIMARY CARE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Rachel M. Fenner, Samantha Bookbinder, Ravi Kant, Brewer Eberly
Summary: This article describes a case of a female patient who was previously diagnosed with C-peptide positive type 1 diabetes mellitus and had been controlling the disease with insulin. Ten years later, her C-peptide levels increased along with other markers associated with type 1 diabetes, suggesting the possibility of pancreatic beta cell regeneration or increased function. This finding challenges the commonly accepted belief that individuals with type 1 diabetes lose all function of pancreatic beta cells.
CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Vera Analise Schommer, Mateus Torres Nazari, Flavia Melara, Julia Catiane Arenhart Braun, Alan Rempel, Lara Franco dos Santos, Valdecir Ferrari, Luciane Maria Colla, Aline Dettmer, Jeferson Steffanello Piccin
Summary: This review introduces the techniques and mechanisms of bacteria immobilization on biochar, as well as its applications in bioremediation and agriculture. The immobilization characteristics of biochar depend on pyrolysis methods, raw materials, and properties of biochar. Scanning electron microscope and colony forming unit analysis are commonly used to verify the immobilization efficiency. Applying biochar-immobilized bacteria can improve soil quality, plant growth, and crop yield.
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2024)
Article
Microbiology
Manoj Kumar Solanki, Naveen Chandra Joshi, Prashant Kumar Singh, Sandeep Kumar Singh, Gustavo Santoyo, Lucas Carvalho Basilio de Azevedo, Ajay Kumar
Summary: The rhizosphere microbiome plays a crucial role in plant growth and health. Rhizosphere engineering can be used to modify the microbiome and improve plant productivity and resilience.
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2024)
Article
Microbiology
Xin Cao, Xing-Wang Cheng, Yin-Ying Liu, Hong-Wei Dai, Ren-You Gan
Summary: Maintaining oral health is crucial for overall well-being. Imbalances in oral microorganisms can lead to various infectious diseases. Exploring alternatives for prevention and management of oral infections is important due to limitations of current treatments. Natural products offer potential as reliable, effective, and affordable therapeutic options for oral infectious diseases.
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2024)
Article
Microbiology
Jose David Flores-Felix, Ana Carolina Goncalves, Sara Meirinho, Ana Raquel Nunes, Gilberto Alves, Cristina Garcia-Viguera, Diego A. Moreno, Luis R. Silva
Summary: The application of bacterial biofortifiers is increasing and has been shown to improve the nutritional characteristics of blueberries in Portugal.
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2024)
Review
Microbiology
Asma Sani, Wan-Qi Qin, Jia-Yi Li, Yi-Fan Liu, Lei Zhou, Shi-Zhong Yang, Bo-Zhong Mu
Summary: This article summarizes the structural diversity of microbial lipopeptide biosurfactants and their applications as biocontrol agents in plants. Lipopeptides have low toxicity and wide range of applications, making them important in the pesticide industry.
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2024)
Article
Microbiology
Xiao-Yu Sun, Jie Deng, Chenhui Zhang, Sin-Yee Fung, Kam-Leung Siu, Ying-Ying Cheng, Liumei Ye, Jiaoxia Qin, Ke Wang, Jiu-Xin Qu, Wenying Gao, Fuxiang Wang, Dong-Yan Jin, Liang Yang
Summary: In this study, a novel c-di-GMP binding protein SodA that regulates oxidative stress tolerance in S. maltophilia was identified. The enzyme activity of SodA was shown to be directly modulated by c-di-GMP through various in vivo and in vitro experiments.
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2024)
