Models for nearly every occasion: Part I - One box models

The standard well mixed room, one box model cannot be used to predict occupational exposures whenever the scenario involves the use of local controls. New constant emission one box models are proposed that permit either local exhaust or local exhaust with filtered return, coupled with general room ventilation or the recirculation of a portion of the general room exhaust. New two box models are presented in Part II of this series. Both steady state and transient models were developed. The steady state equation for each model, including the standard one box steady state model, is augmented with an additional factor reflecting the fraction of time the substance was generated during each task. This addition allows the easy calculation of the average exposure for cyclic and irregular emission patterns, provided the starting and ending concentrations are zero or near zero, or the cumulative time across all tasks is long (e.g., several tasks to a full shift). The new models introduce additional variables, such as the efficiency of the local exhaust to immediately capture freshly generated contaminant and the filtration efficiency whenever filtered exhaust is returned to the workspace. Many of the model variables are knowable (e.g., room volume and ventilation rate). A structured procedure for calibrating a model to a work scenario is introduced that can be applied to both continuous and cyclic processes. The calibration procedure generates estimates of the generation rate and all of remaining unknown model variables.