The Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2′-Fucosyllactose Quenches Campylobacter jejuni-Induced Inflammation in Human Epithelial Cells HEp-2 and HT-29 and in Mouse Intestinal Mucosa

Background: Campylobacter jejuni causes diarrhea worldwide; young children are most susceptible. Binding of virulent C. jejuni to the intestinal mucosa is inhibited ex vivo by alpha(1,2)-fucosylated carbohydrate moieties, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOSs). Objective: The simplest alpha(1,2)-fucosylated HMOS structure, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), can be predominant at <= 5 g/L milk. Although 2'-FL inhibits C. jejuni binding ex vivo and in vivo, the effects of 2'FL on the cell invasion central to C. jejuni pathogenesis have not been tested. Clinical isolates of C. jejuni infect humans, birds, and ferrets, limiting studies on its mammalian pathobiology. Methods: Human epithelial cells HEp-2 and HT-29 infected with the virulent C. jejunistrain 81-176 human isolate were treated with 5 g 2'-FL/L, and the degree of infection and inflammatory response was measured. Four-week-old male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed antibiotics to reduce their intestinal microbiota and were inoculated with C. jejuni strain 81-176. The sensitivity of the resulting acute transient enteric infection and immune response to inhibition by 2'-FL ingestion was tested. Results: In HEp-2 and HT-29 cells, 2'-FL attenuated 80% of C. jejuni invasion (P < 0.05) and suppressed the release of mucosal proinflammatory signals of interleukin (IL) 8 by 60-70%, IL-1 beta by 80-90%, and the neutrophil chemoattractant macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) by 50% (P < 0.05). Ingestion of 2'-FL by mice reduced C. jejuni colonization by 80%, weight loss by 5%, histologic features of intestinal inflammation by 50-70%, and induction of inflammatory signaling molecules of the acute-phase mucosal immune response by 50-60% (P < 0.05). This acute model did not induce IL-17 (adaptive T cell response), a chronic response. Conclusions: In human cells in vitro (HEp-2, HT-29) and in a mouse infection model that recapitulated key pathologic features of C. jejuni clinical disease, 2'-FL inhibited pathogenesis and its sequelae. These data strongly support the hypothesis that 2'-FL represents a new class of oral agent for prevention, and potentially for treatment, of specific enteric infectious diseases.