Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Paula Sanchez-Molina, Beatriz Almolda, Nuria Benseny-Cases, Berta Gonzalez, Alex Peralvarez-Marin, Bernardo Castellano
Summary: This study evaluated the influence of age on microglial cells in different brain areas and microenvironments, finding specific changes in microglial cells related to myelin damage during aging. Overproduction of IL-10 prevented age-related microglial phagocytic phenotype, while overproduction of IL-6 exacerbated this phenotype in aging. These findings suggest a potential role for microglial cells in regulating myelin lipid oxidation during physiological aging.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING
(2021)
Review
Neurosciences
Junxuan Lyu, Di Xie, Tarun N. Bhatia, Rehana K. Leak, Xiaoming Hu, Xiaoyan Jiang
Summary: The article discusses the roles of microglia and macrophages in the neuropathological processes of stroke patients, as well as their functions in brain injury and repair. Additionally, it summarizes current breakthroughs in therapeutic strategies that modulate microglia and macrophage responses.
CNS NEUROSCIENCE & THERAPEUTICS
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Souvarish Sarkar
Summary: Neuroinflammation is a critical pathological feature of neurodegenerative disorders, driven by activated microglia through the production of proinflammatory factors. Ion channels expressed on microglia play important roles in regulating microglial functions, including proliferation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, antigen recognition and presentation, apoptosis, and inflammation signaling.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE
(2022)
Review
Neurosciences
Ke Wang, Jiaying Li, Yue Zhang, Yichen Huang, Di Chen, Ziyu Shi, Amanda D. Smith, Wei Li, Yanqin Gao
Summary: Microglia, as important phagocytes of the central nervous system, play a crucial role in protecting the CNS by clearing necrotic tissue and apoptotic cells. However, excessive or reduced phagocytosis by microglia can lead to aggravated injury and impaired tissue repair in various CNS diseases. Pathological microglial phagocytosis may result in significant synapse loss, memory impairment, impaired gray matter recovery, and sensory dysfunction in diseases such as Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, Parkinson's, ischemic stroke, and traumatic brain injury. More research should focus on understanding the mechanism of pathological microglial phagocytosis and identifying potential therapeutic targets.
CNS NEUROSCIENCE & THERAPEUTICS
(2021)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Junxuan Lyu, Xiaoyan Jiang, Rehana K. Leak, Yejie Shi, Xiaoming Hu, Jun Chen
Summary: Microglia, as a crucial part of the brain's immune system, must adapt to changes in the microenvironment during brain disorders, although extreme pro-inflammatory states may hinder their ability to clear debris and promote tissue repair. Research on microglia has intensified recently, aiming to develop potential therapeutics for brain injuries and neurological diseases.
TRANSLATIONAL STROKE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Xiangxiu Chen, Junshu Xue, Junjie Zou, Xinghong Zhao, Lixia Li, Renyong Jia, Yuanfeng Zou, Hongping Wan, Yaqin Chen, Xun Zhou, Gang Ye, Lizi Yin, Xiaoxia Liang, Changliang He, Ling Zhao, Huaqiao Tang, Cheng Lv, Xu Song, Zhongqiong Yin
Summary: This study demonstrated that Resveratrol (Res) could protect mice from pseudorabies virus-induced encephalitis by regulating microglia polarization and neuronal apoptosis. Res reduced blood-brain barrier permeability in PRV-infected mice and decreased the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, and ZO-1 in the cortex. It also inhibited the expressions of pro-inflammatory factors and chemokines while increasing the expressions of anti-inflammatory factors and neurotrophic factor in the brain. In vitro experiments showed that Res suppressed M1 microglia polarization and activated M2 microglia polarization. Co-culture experiments indicated that Res alleviated inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Chenyang Han, Hongyan Pei, Yongjia Sheng, Jin Wang, Xiaohong Zhou, Wenyan Li, Caiqun Zhang, Li Guo, Yi Yang
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the role of protein kinase HIPK2 in depression and its associated mechanism. The CUSM model was used to simulate depression in mice and measure their behavior. By knocking down HIPK2 or using a HIPK2 inhibitor, depressive behavior was improved and neuroinflammation was alleviated. The study also found that HIPK2 promotes M1 polarization of microglial cells by binding to STAT3 and promoting its phosphorylation, leading to abnormal behaviors and increased neuroinflammation in depression.
JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Rui Zhu, Yuyi Luo, Shangang Li, Zhengbo Wang
Summary: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra. This review outlines the pathways of microglial autophagy and explores its significance in the mechanism of PD and its potential as a therapeutic target.
FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Han Zhang, Huaishan Wang, Fei Gao, Jia Yang, Yi Xu, Yi Fu, Menghua Cai, Xue Zhang, Qi Yang, Kexin Tong, Yu Hu, Hui Chen, Chao Ma, Wei He, Jianmin Zhang
Summary: Increasing evidence suggests that TSPO plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, as TSPO deficiency may lead to more A beta plaques and neuroinflammatory responses. TSPO-deficient microglia show decreased ability to phagocytose A beta peptides and produce more proinflammatory cytokines.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Haijian Wu, Jingwei Zheng, Shenbin Xu, Yuanjian Fang, Yingxi Wu, Jianxiong Zeng, Anwen Shao, Ligen Shi, Jianan Lu, Shuhao Mei, Xiaoyu Wang, Xinying Guo, Yirong Wang, Zhen Zhao, Jianmin Zhang
Summary: Mer plays an important role in regulating microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and neuroinflammation following TBI, potentially serving as a therapeutic target for intervention. Activation of the STAT1/SOCS1/3 pathway by Mer contributes to its regulatory function in this process.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Hao Sun, Kangkang Zhi, Liang Hu, Zhichao Fan
Summary: Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, play a crucial role in protecting the body by removing foreign particles and dead cells. The activation of beta 2 integrins is essential for the recruitment and phagocytic function of these cells, but aberrant activation may exacerbate autoimmune diseases and tumor metastasis. Targeting beta 2 integrins to regulate phagocyte activities could benefit host defense functions with minimal side effects.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Shuxian Huang, Tingting Chen, Qian Suo, Rubing Shi, Haroon Khan, Yuanyuan Ma, Yaohui Tang, Guo-Yuan Yang, Zhijun Zhang
Summary: The activation of BK channels in microglia promotes microglial phagocytosis and benefits neurological recovery after ischemic stroke, suggesting BK channels as a potential therapeutic target for acute stage of ischemic stroke therapy.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
T. C. S. Costa, E. Fernandez-Villalba, V. Izura, A. M. Lucas-Ochoa, N. J. Menezes-Filho, R. C. Santana, M. D. de Oliveira, F. M. Araujo, C. Estrada, V. D. A. Silva, S. L. Costa, M. T. Herrero
Summary: Inflammation is a key factor in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, and sustained neuroinflammation can exacerbate nigrostriatal degeneration. The study showed that a combination treatment of MMPs inhibitor (1-DNJ) and anti-inflammatory drug (ibuprofen) prevented neuronal loss, reduced microglial activation, and improved behavioral changes in MPTP-treated mice compared to single treatments with 1-DNJ or ibuprofen.
JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Claire A. Butler, Alma S. Popescu, Emily J. A. Kitchener, David H. Allendorf, Mar Puigdellivol, Guy C. Brown
Summary: Recent evidence suggests that excessive microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses contributes to neurodegeneration in animal models of various brain diseases. Factors regulating microglial phagocytosis of neurons could be potential treatment targets to prevent neurodegeneration induced by excessive microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses.
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Gang Luo, Xiaofeng Wang, Yongchen Cui, Yue Cao, Zhe Zhao, Junfeng Zhang
Summary: Surgical trauma induces metabolic reprogramming in the hippocampus, leading to activation of microglial M1 polarization and subsequent neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Inhibition of glycolysis alleviates the increase of M1 phenotype and pro-inflammatory mediators, and ameliorates cognitive deficits caused by surgical trauma. Manipulating microglial metabolism could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating perioperative neurocognitive disorders.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2021)