Article
Energy & Fuels
Patrycja Boguta, Marta Cybulak, Zofia Sokolowska, Robert Zarzycki, Andrzej Kacprzak, Rafal Kobylecki
Summary: The study analyzes the effect of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock on the quality and quantity of humic-like and fulvic-like acids in biochars. The results show that an increase in pyrolysis temperature leads to changes in the properties of the biochars. The feedstock also has an effect on the structure of the organic compounds. The study provides insights into the formation and transformation of organic matter during pyrolysis.
Article
Agronomy
Juan Hu, Wenming Zhang, Ahmed Sharaf, Wei Fan, Ling Sun, Jimei Sun, Lixia Wang, Jinggui Wu
Summary: The properties of soil humus amended with organic wastes derived humus-like substances have a significant impact on the functional groups present in the soil. Different organic waste sources, such as tree leaves, fodder grass, and sheep manure, influence the structures of soil humic acid and fulvic acid differently.
ARCHIVES OF AGRONOMY AND SOIL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Haishi Qi, An Zhang, Zhuang Du, Junqiu Wu, Xiaomeng Chen, Xu Zhang, Yue Zhao, Zimin Wei, Xinyu Xie, Yue Li, Min Ye
Summary: The addition of delta-MnO2 can accelerate the process of organic waste disposal, improving the structure and quantity of humus. While it has no significant effect on the concentration of FA and HA, delta-MnO2 can improve their structure and affect the bacterial community.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shuyan Zhang, Wenli Li, Huan Tang, Tinglin Huang, Baoshan Xing
Summary: The latest structural model of graphene oxide (GO) consists of lightly oxidized graphene (FG) and highly oxidized debris (ODs). This study found that ODs play a key role in the adsorption process of GO, serving as important adsorption sites for aromatic compounds. The adsorption is enhanced by the significant stripping of ODs, which weakens electrostatic repulsion, increases 7C-7C interaction, and increases hydrophobic interaction between GO and the aromatic compounds.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jawad Ali, Xinjie Wang, Enxiang Shang, Yining Wang, Jian Zhao, Bowen Gao, Xinghui Xia, Yang Li
Summary: This study investigated the effect of humic/fulvic acid (HA/FA) from various climate zones of China on the aggregation of small and large graphene oxide (GO) under UV irradiation. The results showed that HA/FA promoted GO aggregation due to decreased hydrophilicity of GO and steric forces among particles. The most severe GO aggregation was observed with HA from the Subtropical Monsoon climate zone and FA from the Plateau and Mountain climate zone.
Article
Forestry
Yu Tan, Kaijun Yang, Zhenfeng Xu, Li Zhang, Han Li, Chengming You, Bo Tan
Summary: Soil fauna play vital roles in litter humification in cold forests, with their contributions varying among species and seasons.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wenqing Luo, Xin Zhao, Gongting Wang, Zedong Teng, Yali Guo, Xiaonan Ji, Wei Hu, Min Li
Summary: The effects of humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) on the fate of Cd in anaerobic environment were investigated. The results showed that HA and FA could promote the reductive dissolution of Cd-bearing ferrihydrite and the formation of vivianite. HA was better than FA in immobilizing Cd.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Ali Dadrasi, Sasan Fooladpanjeh, Kasra Einalipour Eshkalak, Sadegh Sadeghzadeh, Mohammad Reza Saeb
Summary: This study utilized Molecular Dynamics to simulate the fracture behavior of 2D graphene-like boron-carbide, investigating the effects of crack length and different geometries of crack arrestors on material properties. Results showed that circular crack arrestors had a more severe impact on fracture toughness, failure stress, and failure strain of nanosheets, while the trend of Young's modulus variation was inverse.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS & MODELLING
(2021)
Article
Agronomy
Evgeny Lodygin, Evgeny Abakumov
Summary: This study compared the molecular composition of humic acids and fulvic acids in different types of soils, revealing that soil reclamation significantly increases the proportion of aromatic components while decreasing carboxyl and ester groups in the humic substance structure. Additionally, greater hydromorphism in the soils enriches humic substances with aliphatic fragments.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
M. M. M. Ahmed, Yu-Ting Liu, S. Venkatesan, Min Chien Wu, Howida M. Nail, Der-Lii M. Tzou, Ming-Chang Lin, Kai-Yue Chen, Yu-min Tzou
Summary: The study investigated the utilization of graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) to enhance the oxidative polymerization of hydroquinone (HQ) within manganese dioxide (MnO2) systems. The results showed that C3N4 acted as a bridge through pi -pi interactions, increasing the reaction rate and stability of the complex.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Mao Gao, Fan Tang, Kaidi Wang, Fanjian Zeng, Yan Wang, Guangming Tian
Summary: The study investigates the hyperaccumulating mechanism of heavy metals activated or passivated by fulvic acid and humic acid, as well as the plant response triggered by these substances. Results show an increase in available Cd content in soil and Cd accumulation in plants after application of different sources of FA and HA, with the most effective being CFA, DFA, and PFA. Additionally, applications of PFA and PHA significantly increase Cd accumulation in plants compared to the blank control group.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Peng Li, Jianfeng Ye, Wencan Zhang, Feng Hu, Qian Guo, Zuxin Xu
Summary: This study used laboratory simulation experiments to identify the types of blackening iron sulfides and quantify their contributions to blackening substances in black-odor water. The study found that mackinawite was the black iron sulfide present, and humic acid also contributed to light absorption. It was also discovered that the suspension of blackening substances played a crucial role in causing water blackening, and this suspension could be stabilized by fulvic acid or microbial flocs. Determining the blackening substances and their role in the blackening process is important for developing targeted control technologies and improving urban water quality in the long term.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
V. C. Shruti, Gurusamy Kutralam-Muniasamy, Fermin Perez-Guevara
Summary: Marine litter, including plastic litter, is a serious global environmental problem. Plastics in marine litter have been found to serve as a unique substrate for fish oviposition in the oceans. The main aim of this viewpoint is to highlight current research needs in the context of fish oviposition and marine litter concerns.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xuetong Yang, Pieter-Jan De Buyck, Rui Zhang, Dave Manhaeghe, Hao Wang, Licai Chen, Yunliang Zhao, Kristof Demeestere, Stijn W. H. Van Hulle
Summary: This study evaluated the feasibility of using packed bubble columns in the treatment of biotreated landfill leachate, and found that packed bubble columns have higher O3 utilization efficiency and lower energy consumption.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Guangren Qian, Lu Xu, Nuo Li, Kaili Wang, Yangwei Qu, Yunfeng Xu
Summary: The study found that humus has a significant impact on the release of arsenic in tailing soil, and sulfur-modified HA could greatly improve the release capacity of As, with 2% modification showing the best effect.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jie Fang, Kan Yao, Tianyi Zhang, Mingsong Wang, Taizhi Jiang, Suichu Huang, Brian A. Korgel, Mauricio Terrones, Andrea Alu, Yuebing Zheng
Summary: The study found that a 7.18 meV near-intrinsic linewidth can be observed at room temperature when monolayer WS2 is coupled with a moderate-refractive-index hydrogenated silicon nanosphere in water. By boosting the dynamic competition between exciton and trion decay channels in WS2 through the nanosphere-supported Mie resonances, the coherent linewidth can be tuned from 35 down to 7.18 meV. This modulation of exciton linewidth and its associated mechanism are robust even in the presence of defects, easing the sample quality requirement and providing new opportunities for TMD-based nanophotonics and optoelectronics.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Chandra Sekhar Reddy Kolli, Venkatarao Selamneni, Barbara A. Muniz Martinez, Andres Fest Carreno, David Emanuel Sanchez, Mauricio Terrones, Elodie Strupiechonski, Andres De Luna Bugallo, Parikshit Sahatiya
Summary: This study fabricates a mixed-dimensional hybrid material for high-performance and broadband photodetectors. The fabricated device exhibits high responsivity in the UV, visible, and NIR regions, while effectively suppressing dark current.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ziyang Wang, Jiarong Ye, Kunyan Zhang, Li Ding, Tomotaroh Granzier-Nakajima, Jeewan C. Ranasinghe, Yuan Xue, Shubhang Sharma, Isabelle Biase, Mauricio Terrones, Se Hoon Choi, Chongzhao Ran, Rudolph E. Tanzi, Sharon X. Huang, Can Zhang, Shengxi Huang
Summary: The study introduces a platform that utilizes graphene-assisted Raman spectroscopy and machine learning to rapidly screen Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in transgenic animal brains. By contacting monolayer graphene with brain slices, the accuracy of machine learning classification is significantly improved. The study also identifies AD biomarkers based on spectral feature importance map, providing important insights for AD research.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ryan Selhorst, Zhuohang Yu, David Moore, Jie Jiang, Michael A. Susner, Nicholas R. Glavin, Ruth Pachter, Mauricio Terrones, Benji Maruyama, Rahul Rao
Summary: Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) are important materials with a diverse range of optoelectronic properties. This study investigates the spatial tailoring of TMDs through electron-beam patterning, achieving high resolution and demonstrating potential for nanoscale functionalization. The modulated properties were found to be dependent on various parameters, and the results were confirmed through spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory modeling. This research provides a robust method for property modulation and functionalization of TMDs at the nanoscale.
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Physical
Nianjun Yang, Mauricio Terrones
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Min Fu, Wei Chen, Yu Lei, Hao Yu, Yuxiao Lin, Mauricio Terrones
Summary: A general biomimetic mineralization synthetic strategy was proposed to synthesize ferrite quantum dot/graphene heterostructures. The optimized heterostructure exhibited exceptional capacitance and cycling performance, indicating its potential as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Katherine L. Thompson, Rowan R. Katzbaer, Mauricio Terrones, Raymond E. Schaak
Summary: Ion exchange reactions of colloidal nanoparticles allow for modification of composition while maintaining morphology and crystal structure, which is crucial for tuning properties and producing otherwise inaccessible materials. In this study, tellurium anion exchange of copper selenide nanoparticles was conducted, resulting in the formation of solid solutions with tunable compositions. The post-exchange reactivity of the solid solution nanoparticles, including transformation of composition, surface chemistry, and colloidal dispersibility, was observed due to the apparent metastability of the product.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jie Fang, Suichu Huang, Kan Yao, Tianyi Zhang, Mauricio Terrones, Wentao Huang, Yunlu Pan, Yuebing Zheng
Summary: Tunable exciton-photon couplings have been demonstrated in monolayer TMDs, showing strong bright-exciton-photon couplings and revealing the novel interactions between bright and dark exciton-photon hybrids in a single optical cavity. The waveguide mode can be tuned in wavelengths by controlling the spacer thickness, and the relative contribution from the antenna mode coupled with dark excitons can be dynamically enlarged by increasing the excitation angle. This study opens new possibilities in tunable QED and provides insights into the coexistence of bright and dark exciton-photon couplings.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Pouria Fattahi, Yin-Ting Yeh, Tiankai Zhao, Mousa Younesi, Changjin Huang, Mauricio Terrones, Siyang Zheng, Justin L. Brown, Dan Dongeun Huh, Sulin Zhang, Peter J. Butler
Summary: Endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit different shapes and mechanical properties depending on the flow in their environment, and these factors affect the uptake of therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs). Cells with elongated shape and higher stiffness show higher uptake of NPs, while those with polygonal shape and lower stiffness show lower uptake. The elongated cells in areas of high laminar shear exhibit less NP uptake compared to nonelongated cells in chaotic, lower shear areas. These findings suggest that manipulating the morphology and mechanical properties of ECs can enhance the uptake of therapeutic NPs for preventing atherosclerosis.
ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shannon McGee, Andres Fest, Cierra Chandler, Nabila N. Nova, Yu Lei, James Goff, Susan B. Sinnott, Ismaila Dabo, Mauricio Terrones, Lauren D. Zarzar
Summary: In this study, we synthesized multimetal catalysts using a laser synthesis method and found that adding a small amount of chromium to the catalyst can enhance the hydrogen evolution efficiency. This research provides new insights for future electrocatalytic design.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Aaryan Oberoi, Ying Han, Sergei P. Stepanoff, Andrew Pannone, Yongwen Sun, Yu-Chuan Lin, Chen Chen, Jeffrey R. Shallenberger, Da Zhou, Mauricio Terrones, Joan M. Redwing, Joshua A. Robinson, Douglas E. Wolfe, Yang Yang, Saptarshi Das
Summary: This study presents a three-pronged approach to achieve high-performance p-type FETs based on synthetic WSe2, including contact engineering, channel length scaling, and monolayer doping. By using Pd as the contact metal and monolayer WOxSey as the p-type dopant, the ON-state performance of the FETs was significantly improved and the contact resistance was reduced.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jie Fang, Kan Yao, Mingsong Wang, Zhuohang Yu, Tianyi Zhang, Taizhi Jiang, Suichu Huang, Brian A. Korgel, Mauricio Terrones, Andrea Alu, Yuebing Zheng
Summary: In this study, we achieved on-demand exciton-polariton emission from a wide range of TMDs at room temperature by hybridizing excitons with broadband Mie resonances. The system demonstrated stable polaritonic photoluminescence and multiple Rabi splittings.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gowtham Polumati, Barbara A. Muniz Martinez, Chandra Sekhar Reddy Kolli, Venkatarao Selamneni, Mario Flores Salazar, David Emanuel Sanchez, Andres Fest Carreno, Mauricio Terrones, Andres De Luna Bugallo, Parikshit Sahatiya
Summary: This work demonstrates the band-type engineering and charge transport mechanism of vertically stacked monolayers of MoS2-ReS2 under visible light illumination. The study investigates the impact of stacking order on band alignment and validates the formation of the vertically stacked heterostructure. The results show the significant role of stacking configuration in the optoelectronic properties.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Victor Carozo, Bruno R. Carvalho, Syed Hamza Safeer, Leandro Seixas, Pedro Venezuela, Mauricio Terrones
Summary: We investigated the electronic and phonon properties of few-layered Bi2Te3 systems with different layer thicknesses using Raman spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. The main Raman modes showed frequency dispersion and changes in intensity and lineshape with the variation of layer thickness and excitation energy. Resonant Raman conditions were reached for certain thicknesses due to van Hove singularities at the electronic density of states. Our results demonstrate the significant influence of layer numbers on the Raman scattering mechanics in Bi2Te3 systems.
NANOSCALE ADVANCES
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Luis E. Paniagua-Guerra, Mauricio Terrones, Bladimir Ramos-Alvarado
Summary: This research reports on the effects of the chemical composition of graphene oxide (GO) sheets on the mechanical properties of bulk GO, and analyzes three key factors. The findings reveal the importance of the structural integrity of the carbon basal plane and hydrogen-bond networks in determining the mechanical behavior of GO, as well as the negative impact of interlayer sulfate ion contaminants on the mechanical properties of GO.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jie Sheng, Jingshan He, Dun Ma, Yuanbo Wang, Wu Shao, Tian Ding, Ronghao Cen, Jingwen He, Zhihao Deng, Wenjun Wu
Summary: This study presents an innovative approach to improve the photovoltaic conversion characteristics and stability of perovskite solar cells through carbon electrode interface modification. By in-situ polymerization and carbonization on the surface of nano-graphite, a dendritic structure carbon electrode is formed, reducing the work function and aligning the energy levels with perovskite. This leads to improved charge and hole collection efficiency, resulting in increased photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the modified carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells exhibit exceptional stability, maintaining high efficiency even without encapsulation.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Guodong Shi, Jian Song, Xiaoxiao Tian, Tongtong Liu, Zhanjun Wu
Summary: This study demonstrates the improvement of mechanical properties and reduction of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in graphene oxide (GO)/epoxy (EP) nanocomposites by enhancing the interface between GO and EP through functionalization and incorporating rigid-flexible interphases. The results reveal that the SiO2-PEA-GO hybrid exhibits better strengthening and toughening effects, as well as lower CTE, compared to the PEA-GO hybrid due to the presence of rigid-flexible interfaces with higher bonding strength and better energy dissipation mechanisms. Additionally, the nanocomposites with longer polyetheramine (PEA) molecules in the rigid-flexible interphases demonstrate higher strength and toughness, while maintaining a lower CTE. This work provides a promising strategy for constructing adjustable flexible-rigid interfacial structures and offers potential in developing GO/EP nanocomposites with high mechanical properties and low CTE.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Rafal Janus, Sebastian Jarczewski, Jacek Jagiello, Piotr Natkanski, Mariusz Wadrzyk, Marek Lewandowski, Marek Michalik, Piotr Kustrowski
Summary: In this study, a facile procedure for the synthesis of CMK-1 and CMK-2 carbon replicas was developed. The method utilizes basic laboratory equipment and a renewable carbon source, and operates under mild conditions. The resulting carbon mesostructures exhibit exquisite replication fidelity and structural homogeneity, making them suitable for applications in various fields.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Anqi Wang, Connor J. MacRobbie, Alex Baranovsky, Jean-Pierre Hickey, John Z. Wen
Summary: In this study, a novel polymer-free nanothermite aerogel with a wide range of nanoparticle loading was fabricated via a new additive manufacturing process. The SEM images showed a unique porous structure formed by extra thin rGO sheets, wrapping individual nanothermite clusters. The DSC-TGA results and high-speed combustion videos confirmed the enhanced energetic performance of the printed specimen.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wanze Wu, Misheng Zhao, Shiwei Miao, Xiaoyan Li, Yongzhong Wu, Xiao Gong, Hangxiang Wang
Summary: Superhydrophobic solar-driven interfacial evaporator is an energy-efficient technology for seawater desalination, which is easily fabricated using robust photothermal superhydrophobic coating and substrate. The created bifunctional coating on the melamine sponge substrate shows stable and highly efficient photothermal and superhydrophobic performance for seawater desalination. This superhydrophobic solar-driven interfacial evaporator is expected to have wide applications in seawater desalination.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zichen Xiang, Zhi Song, Tiansheng Wang, Menghang Feng, Yijing Zhao, Qitu Zhang, Yi Hou, Lixi Wang
Summary: This study presents a co-electrospinning synthesis strategy to fabricate lightweight and porous Co@C composite nanofibres with wideband microwave attenuation capacity. The addition of MOF-derived Co additives enhances the low-frequency absorption performance.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
J. Snow, C. Olson, E. Torres, K. Shirley, E. Cazalas
Summary: This study investigates the use of a perovskite-based graphene field effect transistor (P-GFET) device for X-ray detection. The sensitivity and responsivity of the device were found to be influenced by factors such as X-ray tube voltage, current, and source-drain voltage. Simulation experiments were conducted to determine the dose rate and energy incident on the device during irradiation.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zuzana Jankovska, Lenka Matejova, Jonas Tokarsky, Pavlina Peikertova, Milan Dopita, Karolina Gorzolkova, Dominika Habermannova, Michal Vastyl, Jakub Belik
Summary: This study provides new insights into microwave-assisted pyrolysis of scrap tyres, demonstrating that it can produce microporous carbon black with potential application in xylene adsorption. Compared to conventional pyrolysis, microwave pyrolysis requires less time and energy while maintaining similar adsorption capacity.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Max Bommert, Bruno Schuler, Carlo A. Pignedoli, Roland Widmer, Oliver Groning
Summary: A detailed understanding of the interaction between molecules and two-dimensional materials is crucial for incorporating functional molecular films into next-generation 2D material-organic hybrid devices. This study compares the energy level alignment of different-sized fullerenes on a Moire superstructure and finds that C-84 fullerenes can be either neutral or negatively charged depending on slight variations of the electrostatic potential. This discovery suggests a new path to achieve ambipolar charge transfer without overcoming the electronic gap of fullerenes.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yuanjing Cheng, Xianxian Sun, Ye Yuan, Shuang Yang, Yuanhao Ning, Dan Wang, Weilong Yin, Yibin Li
Summary: The dual-structure aerogel (GS) consisting of flexible silica fibers and graphene honeycomb structures exhibits excellent resilience, flexibility, and reliability. It also shows remarkable wave absorbing performance, making it an ideal candidate for microwave absorption applications such as flexible electronics and aerospace.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shuyu Fan, Yinong Chen, Shu Xiao, Kejun Shi, Xinyu Meng, Songsheng Lin, Fenghua Su, Yifan Su, Paul K. Chu
Summary: Graphene coatings are promising solid lubrication materials due to their mechanical properties. This study presents a new method for in situ deposition of high-quality graphene coatings on hard substrates using NiCo solid solution and competitive reaction strategies. The graphene coating deposited on substrates with deep NiCo solid solution demonstrates superior low-friction and durability.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mengdi Wang, Sanyin Qu, Yanling Chen, Qin Yao, Lidong Chen
Summary: The improved thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers are achieved by selectively capturing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in a conducting polymer film, leading to increased carrier mobility and reduced thermal conductivity. The resulting composite film exhibits significantly higher electrical conductivity and lower thermal conductivity compared to films with a mixture of SWNTs. This work provides a convenient and efficient method to enhance the thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Heng Wei, Weihua Li, Kareem Bachagha
Summary: This article reviews the research progress of carbon nanotube-based microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) in recent years, covering the fundamental theory, design strategies, synthesis methods, and future development directions.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chenguang Shi, Junlong Huang, Zongheng Cen, Tan Yi, Shaohong Liu, Ruowen Fu
Summary: This study developed a high-performance Li metal host material, which achieved dendrite-free Li deposition with a low nucleation overpotential and high Coulombic efficiencies through the combination of Ti3C2-g-PV4P sheets and Ag nanoparticles. The full cells assembled with the Li@host anode and LiFePO4 cathode exhibited high discharge capacity and excellent cycling stability, demonstrating a perspective design for future energy storage devices.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tomotaro Mae, Kentaro Kaneko, Hiroki Sakurai, Suguru Noda
Summary: A new partial prelithiation method for SiO/C-CNT electrodes was developed, which showed reduced irreversible capacity and achieved high energy densities with good reversibility. The method allows for precise control of the degree of prelithiation and is applicable to various chemistries.
