Tunable Optical Molecular Thermometers Based on Metallacrowns

The effect of ligands' energy levels on thermal dependence of lanthanide emission was examined to create new molecular nanothermometers. A series of Ln2Ga8L8 ' L8 '' metallacrowns (shorthand Ln2L8 '), where Ln = Gd3+, Tb3+, or Sm3+ (H3L ' = salicylhydroxamic acid (H3shi), 5-methylsalicylhydroxamic acid (H3mshi), 5-methoxysalicylhydroxamic acid (H3moshi), and 3-hydroxy-2naphthohydroxamic acid (H3nha)) and H2L '' = isophthalic acid (H2iph), was synthesized and characterized. Within the series, ligand-centered singlet state (S1) energy levels ranged from 23,300 to 27,800 cm-1, while triplet (T1) energy levels ranged from 18,150 to 21,980 cm-1. We demonstrated that the difference between T1 levels and relevant energies of the excited 4G5/2 level of Sm3+ (17,800 cm-1) and 5D4 level of Tb3+ (20,400 cm-1) is the major parameter controlling thermal dependence of the emission intensity via the back energy transfer mechanism. However, when the energy difference between S1 and T1 levels is small (below 3760 cm-1), the S1 -> T1 intersystem crossing (and its reverse, S1 <- T1) mechanism contributes to the thermal behavior of metallacrowns. Both mechanisms affect Ln3+-centered room-temperature quantum yields with values ranging from 2.07(6)% to 31.2(2)% for Tb2L8 ' and from 0.0267(7)% to 2.27(5)% for Sm2L8 '. The maximal thermal dependence varies over a wide thermal range (ca. 150-350 K) based on energy gaps between relevant ligand-based and lanthanide-based electronic states. By mixing Tb2moshi8 ' with Sm2moshi8 ' in a 1:1 ratio, an optical thermometer with a relative thermal sensitivity larger than 3%/K at 225 K was created. Other temperature ranges are also accessible with this approach.

Automated summary

This study examines the impact of ligands' energy levels on the thermal dependence of lanthanide emission and successfully creates new molecular nanothermometers. The results show that the difference in energy levels between the triplet state and the excited state of lanthanides is a key factor controlling the thermal dependence of emission intensity. Moreover, the energy gap between ligand-centered states also affects the thermal behavior.