Spatial pattern of the debris-cover effect and its role in the Hindu Kush-Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya glaciers

Supraglacial debris is widespread on the Hindu Kush-Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya (HPKH) glaciers, which in-fluences ice melt rates and glacier response to climate change, with important consequences for regional water resources. Supraglacial debris has shown an expanding trend with glacier shrinkage and mass loss, but knowl-edge about regional spatial patterns of debris cover and associated impacts on HPKH glaciers is still incomplete, which markedly affects the assessment accuracy of regional debris-covered glacier status and hydrological im-pacts. Here, we address these issues based on ASTER imagery, glacier inventory, and a physically-based ice melt model. We find that about 14.3 % of the regional glacier area is covered by supraglacial debris, and its thickness decreases gradually from northwest to southeast of the region overall. Except for the glaciers of western Himalaya and Karakoram, where the acceleration effect of debris cover is dominant, the insulation effect of debris cover on the glaciers of Pamir, Hindu-Kush, central and eastern Himalaya is particularly significant. The heterogeneous distribution of debris thickness and the resulting melt hotspots (ice cliffs and supraglacial ponds) enhance debris-covered surface thinning in the HPKH region, but it is not the dominant cause of surface thinning. Overall, the net effect of considering spatially distributed debris thickness can reduce total mass loss of debris -covered glaciers by 0.44 +/- 0.04 m water equivalent (w. e.) yr(-1). As a result, the presence of debris cover retards accelerated glacier melting caused by current climate warming, with important implications for slowing down regional water shortage and ecological environment risk in the HPKH region. Our findings highlight the importance of including the debris-cover effect in regional glacier models for assessing future glacier change and associated hydrological impacts in the HPKH region.

Automated summary

Supraglacial debris is widespread on the HPKH glaciers, affecting ice melt rates and glacier response to climate change, with significant implications for regional water resources. The spatial distribution of debris cover can enhance surface thinning in the HPKH region, but it is not the main cause of thinning. Considering the spatial distribution of debris thickness can reduce total mass loss of debris-covered glaciers.