Evaluation of Edwardsiella piscicida basS and basR mutants as vaccine candidates in catfish against edwardsiellosis

Catfish farming is the largest aquaculture industry in the United States and an important economic driver in several southeastern states. Edwardsiella piscicida is a Gram-negative pathogen associated with significant losses in catfish aquaculture. Several Gram-negative bacteria use the BasS/BasR two-component system (TCS) to adapt to environmental changes and the host immune system. Currently, the role of BasS/BasR system in E. piscicida virulence has not been characterized. In the present study, two mutants were constructed by deleting the basS and basR genes in E. piscicida strain C07-087. Both mutant strains were characterized for virulence and immune protection in catfish hosts. The Ep Delta basS and Ep Delta basR mutants were more sensitive to acidic environments and produced significantly less biofilm than the wild-type. In vivo studies in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) revealed that both Ep Delta basS and Ep Delta basR were significantly attenuated compared with the parental wild-type (3.57% and 4.17% vs. 49.16% mortalities). Moreover, there was significant protection, 95.2% and 92.3% relative percent survival (RPS), in channel catfish vaccinated with Ep Delta basS and Ep Delta basR against E. piscicida infection. Protection in channel catfish was associated with a significantly higher level of antibodies and upregulation of immune-related genes (IgM, IL-8 and CD8-alpha) in channel catfish vaccinated with Ep Delta basS and Ep Delta basR strains compared with non-vaccinated fish. Hybrid catfish (channel catfish female x blue catfish male) challenges demonstrated long-term protection against subsequent challenges with E. piscicida and E. ictaluri. Our findings demonstrate BasS and BasR contribute to acid tolerance and biofilm formation, which may facilitate E. piscicida survival in harsh environments. Further, our results show that Ep Delta basS and Ep Delta basR mutants were safe and protective in channel catfish fingerlings, although their virulence and efficacy in hybrid catfish warrant further investigation. These data provide information regarding an important mechanism of E. piscicida virulence, and it suggests Ep Delta basS and Ep Delta basR strains have potential as vaccines against this emergent catfish pathogen.

Automated summary

This study characterizes the role of the BasS/BasR two-component system in Edwardsiella piscicida virulence and immune protection in catfish hosts. The mutants lacking basS and basR genes in E. piscicida were more sensitive to acidic environments and produced less biofilm. In vivo studies revealed significant attenuation and protection in vaccinated catfish. Further investigation is needed to determine the efficacy in hybrid catfish. These findings provide insights into the virulence mechanism of E. piscicida and suggest the potential of using Ep Delta basS and Ep Delta basR strains as vaccines.