Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Oyunbileg Bavuu, Daiju Fukuda, Byambasuren Ganbaatar, Tomomi Matsuura, Takayuki Ise, Kenya Kusunose, Koji Yamaguchi, Shusuke Yagi, Hirotsugu Yamada, Takeshi Soeki, Tetsuzo Wakatsuki, Masataka Sata
Summary: The study found that esaxerenone can improve insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice, reduce inflammation, and improve insulin signaling.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Physiology
Guanghong Jia, Warren Lockette, James R. Sowers
Summary: Aldosterone plays a significant role in regulating blood pressure and cardiovascular function by promoting sodium retention and modulating endothelial function. Excessive aldosterone and associated MR activation can impair insulin secretion and metabolic signaling, leading to the development of diabetes and cardiometabolic disorders. Inhibiting MR activation may have beneficial effects in preventing impaired insulin metabolic signaling, type 2 diabetes, and related cardiometabolic disorders.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Stine H. Finsen, Mie R. Hansen, Joachim Hoffmann-Petersen, Henrik F. Hojgaard, Stefan P. Mortensen
Summary: The study found that mineralocorticoid receptor blockade does not seem to improve insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes had lower insulin sensitivity compared to healthy controls before and after treatment with mineralocorticoid blockade.
PHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTS
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Michael Crompton, Laura J. Skinner, Simon C. Satchell, Matthew J. Butler
Summary: The renin angiotensin aldosterone system plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation. Excessive stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors by aldosterone can lead to various pathological effects in the heart, kidney, and endothelial cells. In this article, we discussed the association between hyperaldosteronism and fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction, maladaptive hypertrophy, proteinuria, and fibrosis. We also reviewed how aldosterone exposure damages the endothelial glycocalyx and suggested that preventing glycocalyx remodeling may offer a novel strategy for limiting endothelial damage.
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Michael A. Hill, Frederic Jaisser, James R. Sowers
Summary: Cardiovascular stiffening is a complex process that involves pathological changes at the cellular level and leads to tissue fibrosis. Activation of vascular mineralocorticoid receptors and hyperinsulinemia, commonly seen in obesity and insulin resistance, play a role in accelerating this process. The activation of the endothelial cell Na+ channel is identified as a key molecular factor in endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular fibrosis and stiffening. In obese and insulin resistant individuals, coronary vascular endothelial stiffening occurs, leading to reduced bioavailable NO and heart failure with preserved systolic function.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Irina N. Bobkova
Summary: RAAS activation is crucial in the progression of CKD and development of CVC in DM patients. RAAS blockers alone are inadequate in preventing CVC and its progression. CKD associated with DM leads to MCR hyperactivation, resulting in fibrosis and inflammation in the heart and kidneys. This review discusses the various manifestations and pathways of MCR hyperactivation in DM, as well as the efficacy and safety of finerenone, a novel MCR nonsteroidal selective antagonist.
TERAPEVTICHESKII ARKHIV
(2023)
Article
Physiology
Kristina S. LyngsO, Boye L. Jensen, Pernille B. L. Hansen, Henrik Dimke
Summary: The study found that aldosterone impairs endothelial function in a murine model of experimental diabetes through activation of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptors. This may explain the cardiovascular protection by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in diabetes.
Article
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Uugantsetseg Munkhjargal, Daiju Fukuda, Byambasuren Ganbaatar, Kumiko Suto, Tomomi Matsuura, Takayuki Ise, Kenya Kusunose, Koji Yamaguchi, Shusuke Yagi, Hirotsugu Yamada, Takeshi Soeki, Tetsuzo Wakatsuki, Masataka Sata
Summary: Recent studies suggest that pharmacological blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) can be a potential therapeutic approach to reduce cardiovascular complications, as MRs play a crucial role in cardiovascular regulation. In this study, the effect of a novel nonsteroidal selective MR blocker, esaxerenone, on diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction was investigated. The results showed that esaxerenone can ameliorate diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction and improve the expression levels of phosphorylated eNOS protein.
JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS
(2023)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Patricio Araos, Cristian A. Amador
Summary: Recent studies have identified primary aldosteronism as a common cause of endocrine hypertension, leading to cardiovascular and renal damage. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) plays a significant role in regulating immune cell activation and may be associated with hypertension and elevated aldosterone levels. The involvement and mechanisms of the immune system in endocrine hypertension are still not fully understood.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jin Young Lee, Da Ae Kim, Eunah Choi, Yun Sun Lee, So Jeong Park, Beom-Jun Kim
Summary: The study showed that aldosterone treatment inhibited muscle differentiation in mouse C2C12 myoblasts in a dose-dependent manner and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. The interaction between mineralocorticoid receptor and aldosterone in myoblasts was confirmed, and blocking this interaction reversed the effects of aldosterone on muscle cells. These findings suggest that aldosterone plays a direct role in muscular deterioration and antioxidant or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists could be potential therapeutic options for sarcopenia reduction.
ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
(2021)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jialin Fu, Marc Gregory Yu, Qian Li, Kyoungmin Park, George L. King
Summary: This review provides a comprehensive summary of insulin's physiological and pathophysiological actions, as well as the associated signaling pathways in vascular cells, particularly in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Insulin plays important roles in regulating nutrient transport and communication in vascular cells through its receptors and signaling cascades, affecting systemic fuel metabolism and energetics. Targeted therapies to improve selective insulin resistance in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells are necessary to mitigate pathological processes such as endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and myocardial dysfunction.
MOLECULAR METABOLISM
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lyudmila V. Nedosugova, Yuliya V. Markina, Leyla A. Bochkareva, Irina A. Kuzina, Nina A. Petunina, Irina Y. Yudina, Tatiana V. Kirichenko
Summary: The association between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications is complex, primarily due to the oxidative stress and inflammation caused by hyperglycemia. Understanding the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular diseases can aid in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Argen Mamazhakypov, Lutz Hein, Achim Lother
Summary: Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating condition that causes severe damage to the cardiovascular system. Research has found that aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor play a key role in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Pharmacological blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor has been shown to reduce pulmonary hypertension and prevent right ventricular failure in experimental models. However, the effectiveness of using mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension is controversial in clinical practice and further research is needed.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2022)
Article
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Jessica Kowalski, Lisa Deng, Chiara Suennen, Duygu Koca, David Meral, Christoph Bode, Lutz Hein, Achim Lother
Summary: The study showed that inhibiting MR in endothelial cells can mitigate hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling, independent of MR in smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, or macrophages. This provides a basis for future research on potential downstream mediators of MR involved in pulmonary hypertension.
Article
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Sho Katsuragawa, Atsushi Goto, Satoru Shinoda, Kosuke Inoue, Kazuki Nakai, Jun Saito, Tetsuo Nishikawa, Yuya Tsurutani
Summary: The study suggests that reversing renin suppression with optimal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist titration may help mitigate adverse renal outcomes in medically treated primary aldosteronism patients.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Guanghong Jia, James R. Sowers
Article
Physiology
Javad Habibi, Dongqing Chen, Jack L. Hulse, Adam Whaley-Connell, James R. Sowers, Guanghong Jia
Summary: Mineralocorticoici receptor (MR) activation plays an important role in hepatic insulin resistance. The study found that activation of MR leads to hepatic insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Consumption of a Western diet high in saturated fat and refined carbohydrates also leads to hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatment with the MR antagonist spironolactone can mitigate these abnormalities and promote white adipose tissue browning and expression of hepatic glucose transporter type 4.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Guanghong Jia, James R. Sowers
Summary: Insulin resistance and diabetes have been shown to increase the risk of developing hypertension, vascular stiffness, and cardiovascular disease. There are complex interactions and promotion mechanisms between these diseases, including inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Javad Habibi, Carlton Homan, Huma Naz, Dongqing Chen, Guido Lastra, Adam Whaley-Connell, James R. Sowers, Guanghong Jia
Summary: Consumption of a Western diet (WD) activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, resulting in systemic and tissue insulin resistance. This study found that activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) in diet-induced obesity leads to increased CD36 expression and ectopic lipid accumulation, contributing to insulin resistance. Additionally, the activation of endothelial cell-specific MR (ECMR) in WD-induced obesity increases exosomal CD36 secretion from endothelial cells, which is taken up by skeletal muscle cells, leading to elevated skeletal muscle CD36 levels and lipid metabolic disorders.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jack L. Hulse, Javad Habibi, Aderonke E. Igbekele, Bingyue Zhang, Jessie Li, Adam Whaley-Connell, James R. Sowers, Guanghong Jia
Summary: Spironolactone, by inhibiting MR activation, prevented lipid accumulation in muscle, improved mitochondrial function, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Additionally, it regulated the signaling pathway associated with abnormal expression of miR-99a and CD36 induced by the diet.