Article
Behavioral Sciences
Yumi Hamamoto, Shinsuke Suzuki, Kosuke Motoki, Kentaro Oba, Ryuta Kawashima, Motoaki Sugiura
Summary: Body-image disturbance, characterized by perceptual and affective disturbance, is a core feature of eating disorders and can indicate their development. This study aimed to investigate the neural underpinnings of body-image disturbance by examining brain activations and connectivity associated with participants' estimation of their actual and ideal body sizes. The results showed that excess brain activations in the left anterior cingulate cortex and functional connectivity between the left extrastriate body area and left anterior insula were positively correlated with perceptual disturbance. Affective disturbance, on the other hand, was positively correlated with brain activation in the right temporoparietal junction and negatively correlated with functional connectivity between the left extrastriate body area and right precuneus.
BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Till Grune-Yanoff
Summary: Scientific methods are heuristic and rely on goals and contexts for choosing methods. Instrumental rationality forms the basis of scientific methodology for evaluating heuristic method choice. The heuristic-instrumentalist account aligns with the heuristic nature of actual scientific practice and is normatively relevant for assessing method choice.
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Christopher Pincock
Summary: This paper examines the competing accounts of scientific knowledge proposed by Russell and Reichenbach in the 1930s and 1940s, focusing on their differing views on combining a theory of knowledge with scientific realism. Reichenbach argued for an empiricist epistemology based on decisions, while Russell believed that scientific realists must move beyond empiricism to non-empirical principles. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations of these approaches.
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Kok Yong Lee
Summary: The article discusses the explanations of scientific realism and selectionism for the predictive success of scientific theories. The author argues that selectionism is not an alternative to realism, but rather they are complementary to each other.
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Sebastien Rivat
Summary: The author argues that effective field theory methods allow for more reliable ontological commitments in physics, by identifying common structural features shared by effective theories across different subfields. These effective theories are characterized by intrinsic empirical limitations, which can help make more reliable ontological commitments. However, this constraint may pose challenges for scientific realists in certain contexts.
Article
Neurosciences
Yaoda Xu, Maryam Vaziri-Pashkam
Summary: This study examined the coding strength of object identity and four types of nonidentity features along the human ventral visual processing pathway and compared brain responses with those of 14 convolutional neural networks (CNNs) pretrained to perform object categorization. Overall, identity representation increased and nonidentity feature representation decreased along the ventral visual pathway, with some notable differences among the different nonidentity features. CNNs differed from the brain in a number of aspects in their representations of identity and nonidentity features over the course of visual processing. Our approach provides a new tool for characterizing feature coding in the human brain and the correspondence between the brain and CNNs.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Adrian Currie
Summary: I focus on scientific practice and develop an understanding of the relationship between aesthetics and knowledge. I suggest the concept of "epistemic engagement" as a better way to understand this relationship. I argue that scientific training involves the attunement of aesthetic judgments towards epistemic goals. Therefore, the connection between aesthetic appreciation and knowledge is psychological and contingent. This view has important implications for the warrant of aesthetic judgment in science, emphasizing the role of attunement processes rather than the aesthetic judgments themselves.
BRITISH JOURNAL FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Darrell P. Rowbottom
Summary: The author first establishes the relationship between scientific realism and the reliability of scientific methods, then discusses how scientists should approach new theories that significantly contradict older theories. They go on to analyze the vulnerability of scientific realism to a reductio ad absurdum and consider which variants of the methodological thesis are most defensible.
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Adina L. Roskies
Summary: Functional neuroimaging is criticized for its limitation in explaining how brain activities occur, but novel analytical methods have shown that it can provide access to constructs of interest in psychology. Neuroimaging can give us insight into the large-scale structure of neural representation, with Representational Similarity Analysis playing a significant role in this aspect. Comparing RSA with fMRI, RSA is argued to be more advantageous in representing neural activities in psychology.
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Bas de Boer, Hedwig te Molder, Peter-Paul Verbeek
Summary: Latour advocates using science-in-the-making to understand science, but his semiotic approach fails to recognize the crucial role of scientific instruments. In contrast, a postphenomenological approach emphasizes the active mediating role of scientific instruments in scientific practices, turning them into genuine actors.
SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hanchen Wang, Tianfan Fu, Yuanqi Du, Wenhao Gao, Kexin Huang, Ziming Liu, Payal Chandak, Shengchao Liu, Peter Van Katwyk, Andreea Deac, Anima Anandkumar, Karianne Bergen, Carla P. Gomes, Shirley Ho, Pushmeet Kohli, Joan Lasenby, Jure Leskovec, Tie-Yan Liu, Arjun Manrai, Debora Marks, Bharath Ramsundar, Le Song, Jimeng Sun, Jian Tang, Petar Velickovic, Max Welling, Linfeng Zhang, Connor W. Coley, Yoshua Bengio, Marinka Zitnik
Summary: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in scientific discovery, providing assistance in hypothesis generation, experimental design, data analysis, and insight generation. Recent breakthroughs include self-supervised learning and geometric deep learning, which enhance model accuracy and efficiency. Generative AI methods can generate diverse designs through analysis of various data modalities. Despite progress, challenges such as data quality and stewardship remain, making it critical to develop foundational algorithmic approaches for AI innovation.
Article
Neurosciences
Zhiying Zhao, Shuxia Yao, Jana Zweerings, Xinqi Zhou, Feng Zhou, Keith M. Kendrick, Huafu Chen, Klaus Mathiak, Benjamin Becker
Summary: Real-time fMRI guided neurofeedback training is a noninvasive brain regulation technique with potential therapeutic applications, which can modulate functional brain alterations. By pooling data from three datasets, it was found that gray matter volume of the right putamen could predict learning success in neurofeedback training.
HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING
(2021)
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Marion Godman
Summary: In non-fundamental sciences, realists find it beneficial to combine Natural kinds, or Kinds, with essential natures to enhance their epistemic and ontological credentials. Historical essential natures, rather than intrinsic ones, are argued to be suitable for providing individuation criteria and causal explanations of a Kind's properties, particularly in the case of species. Resistance to Kinds with historical essences should be addressed in a principled manner.
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Brandon Boesch
Summary: This essay examines the role of dissimilarity in scientific representation, arguing that similarity alone cannot fully explain the complexity of representation. By analyzing the use of maps and emphasizing the necessity of embracing dissimilarity in representational practice, it further explores how dissimilarity is essential for achieving both epistemic and nonepistemic aims in representation.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Vukasin Gligoric, Gerben A. van Kleef, Bastiaan T. Rutjens
Summary: Science and scientists are key drivers of societal progress and technological developments, but perceptions of scientists are often categorized as a homogeneous group. This research found differences in social evaluations of different types of scientists, with chemists, biologists, and physicists seen as the most prototypical scientific occupations. Perceived prototypicality was primarily associated with competence ratings, while perceptions of morality and sociability varied across clusters.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Dmytro Mykhailov, Nicola Liberati
Summary: This paper aims to highlight the life of computer technologies through phenomenological analysis, to better understand the impact of digital technologies on society, and to emphasize the role and activities of digital technologies. The phenomenological analysis of programs developed through high-order languages like C++ and unsupervised learning techniques reveals the autonomy of computers in the programming stages and the learning ability of digital systems.
FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary
Dmytro Mykhailov
Summary: Intelligent algorithms and machine learning techniques pose significant challenges in contemporary value sensitive design, as they blur the causal link between programmers and computer behavior. This paper examines the conceptual tools within the value sensitive design school of thought for evaluating machine learning algorithms in the absence of a causal relation. It investigates computer intentionality conceptually and emphasizes machine learning algorithms technically.
HUMAN AFFAIRS-POSTDISCIPLINARY HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES QUARTERLY
(2023)
Article
Philosophy
Dmytro Mykhailov, Nicola Liberati
Summary: This paper introduces phenomenological elements to provide a better framework for addressing the impact of technologies on society. It explores the concept of technological intentionality in relation to technological mediation and highlights the need to clarify their differences. The concept of passive synthesis is applied to technologies to illustrate their inner passive activity and how they can connect to a broader technological environment independently.
PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Ethics
Dmytro Mykhailov
Summary: The purpose of this article is to contribute to the theory of technological mediation by introducing a new type of relationship between humans and technology called 'transcending mediation'. The previous postphenomenology theory didn't focus much on how technology mediates human's relation to Transcendence, due to its empirical and anti-metaphysical nature. However, in this paper, the author shows that the empirical element of technology can be balanced by metaphysical findings, using Karl Jaspers's metaphysics of ciphers. The author demonstrates how technology not only mediates our relation to the world but also shapes our relation to Transcendence.
Article
Ethics
Galit Wellner, Dmytro Mykhailov
Summary: This article suggests design principles for ethical algorithms in fighting fake news, highlighting the need for engineering and ethical considerations. Insights from ethics of care are proposed to guide the development of algorithms that generate care. Four algorithmic design principles are offered, including strategy development, stakeholder involvement, user reporting, and user updates. Implementing these principles can make the development process more ethically oriented and improve the ability to fight fake news.
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS
(2023)
Article
Philosophy
Dmytro Y. Mykhailov
Summary: The empirical turn in the mid-1980s had a significant impact on the field of philosophy of technology, leading to the emergence of postphenomenology as a contemporary school of thought. Postphenomenology emphasizes the role of technology in shaping human perception and the world. However, it overlooks the connection between human beings and transcendence. This article explores the possibility of revealing this connection through Karl Jaspers' metaphysics, focusing on the concepts of antinomy and cipher. By extending the theory of technological mediation with Jaspers' ideas, the study identifies the connection between transcendence and modern technology.
Article
Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary
Dmytro Mykhailov
Summary: The paper discusses the moral impact of Intelligent Decision-Support Systems (IDSS) in contemporary medical diagnosis, positioning it as a moral agent with specific agent features and behavior.
HUMAN AFFAIRS-POSTDISCIPLINARY HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES QUARTERLY
(2021)
Article
Philosophy
Dmytro Mykhailov
FRONTIERS OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHINA
(2020)