Article
Immunology
Eisha Jain, Jeffrey R. Donowitz, Elizabeth Aarons, Beth C. Marshall, Michael P. Miller
Summary: This article presents two cases of MIS-C occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, with one patient showing evidence of recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The findings suggest that vaccination may modulate the pathogenesis of MIS-C.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Mark B. Salzman, Cheng-Wei Huang, Christopher M. O'Brien, Rhina D. Castillo
Summary: This report discusses 3 cases of patients in California who experienced multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) after receiving vaccination and being infected with SARS-CoV-2. It also mentions 3 cases of adults who were not vaccinated developing MIS during a period when around 7% of the adult population had received at least one vaccine.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Brian W. McCrindle, Ashraf S. Harahsheh, Ryan Handoko, Geetha Raghuveer, Michael A. Portman, Michael Khoury, Jane W. Newburger, Simon Lee, Supriya S. Jain, Manaswitha Khare, Nagib Dahdah, Cedric Manlhiot
Summary: The severity of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has decreased with each subsequent SARS-CoV-2 variant, but critical illness remains prevalent in hospitalized patients with MIS-C.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Allergy
Janet Chou, Craig D. Platt, Saddiq Habiballah, Alan A. Nguyen, Megan Elkins, Sabrina Weeks, Zachary Peters, Megan Day-Lewis, Tanya Novak, Myriam Armant, Lucinda Williams, Shira Rockowitz, Piotr Sliz, David A. Williams, Adrienne G. Randolph, Raif S. Geha
Summary: MIS-C is a pediatric complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection characterized by multiorgan inflammation and cardiovascular dysfunction. Genetic risk factors such as variants in SOCS1, XIAP, and CYBB have been identified in patients with MIS-C, leading to an inflammatory immune cell transcriptome enriched in specific pathways even after recovery. This suggests a potential role for next-generation sequencing in identifying monogenic susceptibility to inflammation in previously healthy children with MIS-C.
JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Paolo Cattaneo, Alessandro Volpe, Chiara Simona Cardellino, Niccolo Riccardi, Giulia Bertoli, Tamara Ursini, Arjola Ustalli, Giovanni Lodi, Ivan Daroui, Andrea Angheben
Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a novel syndrome called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) have emerged, both linked to COVID-19. There is no consensus on the treatment for MIS-A, but glucocorticoids and immunoglobulins have shown some success, with anakinra also potentially playing a pivotal role in treatment.
Article
Pediatrics
Sarah Khafaja, Nour Youssef, Zeinab El Zein, Celina F. F. Boutros, Samer Bou Karroum, Nour Abdel-Halim, Rim Salameh, Daniella Hodroj, Nour El Meski, Oussama Nasrallah, Aram Bidikian, Ghassan Bou Saba, Mariam T. T. Arabi, Rima Hanna-Wakim, Ghassan S. S. Dbaibo
Summary: This study reviewed cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) at a tertiary medical center in Lebanon and found that some cases met the symptoms of MIS-C but did not meet the definition of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Typical presentation of MIS-C included cardiovascular system, mucocutaneous, and gastrointestinal system involvement. Further research and a unified definition are needed to fully understand MIS-C.
FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Wen-yuan Wang, Yong-jun Wang, Cai-xia An, Qi-jun Zhao, Shu-ying Wang, Wan-yi Li, Bin Yi, Huan Li
Summary: This report presents a case of severe COVID-19 complicated with MIS-C in a child treated in China, and discusses the current research status and progress in the diagnosis and therapy of MIS-C in children.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
Review
Pediatrics
Dwayne Mascarenhas, Medha Goyal, Anitha Haribalakrishna, Ruchi Nanavati, Pranav Ish, Shekhar Kunal
Summary: A new pattern of multisystem inflammatory syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection has emerged globally, including cases in adults, children, and now neonates. This study systematically reviewed the clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, treatment, and outcomes of neonates with MIS-N. The findings showed a predilection for late preterm males with cardiovascular involvement and highlighted the need for global registries for MIS-N.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Joseph Y. Abrams, Ermias D. Belay, Shana Godfred-Cato, Angela P. Campbell, Laura D. Zambrano, Amber Kunkel, Allison D. Miller, Michael J. Wu, Lu Meng, Ami B. Shah, Matthew E. Oster
Summary: This study shows that standard treatments for MIS-C patients, including IVIG, steroids, and antiplatelet medication, have become increasingly utilized. Older patients and non-Hispanic Black patients were more likely to receive additional treatments.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Gavriela Feketea, Vasiliki Vlacha, Ioana Corina Bocsan, Emilia Vassilopoulou, Luminita Aurelia Stanciu, Mihnea Zdrenghea
Summary: This article discusses the role of vitamin D in viral infections, as well as its association with MIS-C and Kawasaki disease. It emphasizes the importance of vitamin D levels in predicting the severity of MIS-C.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Pediatrics
Eleanor J. Molloy, Natasha Nakra, Chris Gale, Victoria R. Dimitriades, Satyan Lakshminrusimha
Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, children and neonates have a decreased incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and if infected, they generally have milder symptoms due to enhanced innate immune response. However, a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and a similar syndrome in neonates (MIS-N) have emerged, involving various inflammatory manifestations. There is a need for internationally recognized definitions and datasets to improve management and plan future clinical trials. Further understanding of the pathophysiology of MIS-C and MIS-N will help in developing targeted therapies to prevent and limit clinical sequelae.
PEDIATRIC RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Jennifer van Heerden, Jeremy Nel, Pramodhini Moodley, Preesha Govender, Jonathan Hooijer, Claudia Ickinger, Sa'ad Lahri, Elizabeth Louw, Helena Rabie, Denasha Reddy, Jacob Tsitsi, Michelle Venter, Arifa Parker
Summary: This study aimed to provide descriptive data on multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 in adults and adolescents from low- and middle-income countries. The study found that fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiorespiratory abnormalities, and mucocutaneous findings were common in patients with MIS.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Allergy
Julisa M. Patel
Summary: This review provides an overview of the presenting features, proposed pathogenesis, suggested therapies, and outcomes of MIS-C. Patients with MIS-C present with a wide range of clinical features, with main characteristics including fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiac complications. Younger children may present with Kawasaki-like features, while older children often experience cardiogenic shock. Current treatment guidelines recommend IVIG and glucocorticoids, with biologics used in refractory cases. Most patients recover and mortality from MIS-C is rare. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important for the best possible outcome.
CURRENT ALLERGY AND ASTHMA REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Pediatrics
Herbert Kurz, Tomas Gombala
Summary: MIS-C is a novel clinical syndrome in children and adolescents that was first encountered in the spring of 2020, related to COVID-19. The highest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Austria were registered in November 2020. There is currently no international consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of this severe complication.
FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS
(2021)
Article
Pediatrics
Ravindra Pawar, Vijay Gavade, Nivedita Patil, Vijay Mali, Amol Girwalkar, Vyankatesh Tarkasband, Sanjog Loya, Amit Chavan, Narendra Nanivadekar, Rahul Shinde, Uday Patil, Satyan Lakshminrusimha
Summary: A study in India reviewed the perinatal history, clinical features, and outcomes of 20 neonates born between September 2020 and April 2021, all of whom exhibited symptoms consistent with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) related to maternal SARS-CoV-2. Most neonates showed cardiac involvement and were treated with steroids and IVIG, with two infants unfortunately passing away due to worsening condition.
Article
Hematology
Silvio Marchesani, Letizia Sabatini, Valentina Bertaina, Olivia Marini, Michela Ambrosi, Margherita Di Mauro, Matilde Cossutta, Livia Schettini, Mariachiara Lodi, Gioacchino Andrea-Rotulo, Paolo Palma, Giuseppe Palumbo, Giulia Ceglie
Summary: This study aims to characterize the immune subpopulations in pediatric patients with hereditary spherocytosis by analyzing peripheral blood samples. The results show that alterations in the immune system are mainly caused by the disease itself, regardless of splenectomy. Including immunological criteria in clinical assessment may help optimize the timing for splenectomy.
BLOOD CELLS MOLECULES AND DISEASES
(2023)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Edoardo Caronna, Thomas C. van den Hoek, Hayrunnisa Bolay, David Garcia-Azorin, Ana Beatriz Gago-Veiga, Massimiliano Valeriani, Tsubasa Takizawa, Karl Messlinger, Robert E. Shapiro, Peter J. Goadsby, Messoud Ashina, Cristina Tassorelli, Hans-Christoph Diener, Gisela M. Terwindt, Patricia Pozo-Rosich
Summary: This article summarizes the knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of secondary headache associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, as well as their impact on primary headache disorders. It was found that headache is a common symptom of both acute and post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and specific effective therapeutic options are currently lacking. Headache attributed to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations is also common, but its pathophysiology remains unclear. People with primary headache disorders are more likely to experience headache during the acute phase of COVID-19 and after vaccination.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Fabiana Ursitti, Massimiliano Valeriani
Summary: Migraine is a common neurological disorder in children and adolescents, affecting up to 20% of them. Gender differences in migraine are less understood in pediatric patients compared to adults. This review aims to provide an overview of the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical differences between boys and girls with migraine. Further investigation is needed, but it is concluded that various aspects of childhood migraine syndrome may vary depending on gender and age, particularly regarding pubertal development.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Emma Concetta Manno, Donato Amodio, Nicola Cotugno, Chiara Rossetti, Carmela Giancotta, Veronica Santilli, Paola Zangari, Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo, Alberto Villani, Emanuele Giglioni, Attilio Turchetta, Giulia Cafiero, Alessio Franceschini, Marcello Chinali, Ottavia Porzio, Aurelio Secinaro, Paolo Palma
Summary: This study found that acute pericarditis/myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination is rare, but the long-term sequelae are not clear. By collecting clinical data, laboratory results, cardiac evaluation, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram, it was found that some patients developed pericarditis/myocarditis symptoms after vaccination, but most patients recovered well during follow-up. Close and standardized follow-up is needed for patients with high levels of high-sensitive troponin T on admission.
PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL
(2023)
Review
Pediatrics
Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo, Paolo Palma
Summary: Coronavirus disease 2019 in children generally has milder clinical manifestations compared to adults, but some children may be susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and develop inflammatory conditions such as MIS-C. Age-related differences in the immune system, including innate and acquired immunity, play a role in the severity of the infection and post-infectious conditions. This review summarizes the main immune response markers in children and provides an overview of age-related differences and emerging post-infection conditions.
PEDIATRIC RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Francesca Cautilli, Mariavittoria Feleppa, Massimiliano Valeriani, Laura Papetti, Gabriele Monte, Fabio Midulla, Alberto Spalice
Summary: This article reports a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in a 12-year-old boy who developed the condition 10 days after an asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. The neurological symptoms included headache, fever, irritability, paraplegia, and loss of sensitivity. Despite high-dose steroids and IVIG treatment, the patient did not show significant improvement until plasma exchange therapy and rituximab infusion were given. This case confirms the increasing involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in severe neurological complications in pediatric patients.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Pediatrics
Carmela Giancotta, Nicole Colantoni, Lucia Pacillo, Veronica Santilli, Donato Amodio, Emma Concetta Manno, Nicola Cotugno, Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo, Beatrice Rivalta, Andrea Finocchi, Caterina Cancrini, Andrea Diociaiuti, May El Hachem, Paola Zangari
Summary: Inborn errors of immunity associated with atopy (IEIs-A) are a group of genetic disorders that lead to immune dysregulation and skin problems. The pathogenesis of these disorders involves defects in the immune system, changes in the skin barrier, and metabolism disturbances. Advances in technology and genetic testing have allowed for the identification of new molecular pathways involved in IEIs-A and the development of tailored therapeutic strategies. Biologics have shown to be less toxic and better tolerated for treating immune dysregulation in skin diseases. This review focuses on IEIs-A with skin involvement and discusses personalized treatment approaches based on their underlying mechanisms.
FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Federica Gentili, Giulio Calcagni, Nicoletta Cantarutti, Emma Concetta Manno, Giulia Cafiero, Eliana Tranchita, Annamaria Salvati, Paolo Palma, Ugo Giordano, Fabrizio Drago, Attilio Turchetta
Summary: The pilot study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the cardiopulmonary stress test (CPET) in the follow-up after MIS-C. The results showed that CPET after MIS-C may reveal anomalies, indicating that CPET is a valuable tool for the follow-up after this condition.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci, Elena Morrocchi, Chiara Pighi, Arianna Rotili, Alessia Neri, Chiara Medri, Giulio Olivieri, Marco Sanna, Gianmarco Rasi, Deborah Persaud, Ann Chahroudi, Mathias Lichterfeld, Eleni Nastouli, Caterina Cancrini, Donato Amodio, Paolo Rossi, Nicola Cotugno, Paolo Palma
Summary: Most assays for investigating HIV reactivation are performed using cultured infected cells stimulated with activator molecules. However, these cultures lack immunomodulatory components present in autologous plasma. This study explored the impact of different matrices and cell types on T cell transcriptional profiles following in vitro culture and stimulation.
Article
Immunology
Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo, Giulia Ceglie, Annalisa Candino, Antonella Merola, Elisa Profeti, Carmela Giancotta, Stefania Mercadante, Veronica Santilli, Nicola Cotugno, Paolo Palma, Giuseppe Palumbo, Andrea Finocchi
Summary: In children with autoimmune neutropenia, infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may be a cause of concern, although severe coronavirus disease 2019 was not observed in this retrospective study. Post-infection follow-up showed a significant improvement in neutrophils and a reduction in lymphocytes, possibly due to postinfection immunological phenomena.
PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Nicola Cotugno, Suresh Pallikkuth, Marco Sanna, Vinh Dinh, Lesley de Armas, Stefano Rinaldi, Sheldon Davis, Giulia Linardos, Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci, Rajendra Pahwa, Nadia Sitoe, Paula Vaz, Paolo Rossi, Maria Grazia Lain, Paolo Palma, Savita Pahwa
Summary: Despite antiretroviral treatment, immune dysfunction persists in children with perinatal HIV infection. This study investigated the impact of HIV status on maternal antibody passage, long-term vaccine induced immunity, and B-cell maturation. The results showed that HIV infection negatively affects the immune status of infants and reduces the effectiveness of vaccines.
Review
Microbiology
Francesco Venuti, Lorenza Romani, Maia De Luca, Costanza Tripiciano, Paolo Palma, Maria Chiriaco, Andrea Finocchi, Laura Lancella
Summary: Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are becoming more common in children and have negative clinical outcomes, particularly in critically ill patients. However, several new beta lactam antibiotics lack pediatric indications approved by the FDA and EMA, resulting in uncertain treatment strategies and dosing regimens for pediatric use.
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Margherita Rotondi, Giuseppe Facondo, Stefano Mossa, Gianluca Vullo, Ilaria Angelicone, Maurizio Valeriani, Mattia Falchetto Osti
Summary: This study compared the toxicity of radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy in anal cancer patients treated with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) versus sequential boost (SeqB). The results showed that SIB resulted in reduced acute and late cutaneous toxicity compared to SeqB. Other acute and late toxicities were low and comparable between the two groups.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COLORECTAL DISEASE
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Laura Papetti, Elena Panella, Gabriele Monte, Michela Ada Noris Ferilli, Samuela Tarantino, Martina Proietti Checchi, Massimiliano Valeriani
Summary: This study found a correlation between overweight/obesity and clinical and neuroradiological features in pediatric onset multiple sclerosis (POMS). Overweight/obese patients had an earlier disease onset, more frequent polyfocal symptoms, involvement of pyramidal functions, and a higher frequency of black holes in MRI scans compared to healthy weight patients. Weight control may be considered as a preventive/therapeutic treatment.
