Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio, Stefano Spigarelli, Marcello Cabibbo, Giovanni Bolelli
Summary: This study investigates the static and dynamic precipitation phenomena in the Ti6Al4V alloy produced using laser-powder bed fusion. The microstructure of the alloy varies depending on the distance from the platform during the solution heat treatment. The aging heat treatment at different temperatures promotes the formation of stacking faults and precipitates.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
David Liovic, Marina Franulovic, Ervin Kamenar, Drazan Kozak
Summary: This study investigates the influence of annealing heat treatment and different laser power-scanning speed combinations on the mechanical properties of L-PBF Ti6Al4V alloy. It was found that high laser power had a lasting effect on the microstructure, leading to increased nano-hardness even after annealing. The study also established a linear relationship between Young's modulus and nano-hardness after annealing. Thorough creep analysis revealed that dislocation motion was the dominant deformation mechanism for both as-built and annealed conditions. However, annealing heat treatment reduced the creep resistance of the alloy. The results contribute to process parameter selection and understanding the creep behavior of these materials.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
A. Serjouei, T. Libura, A. Brodecki, J. Radziejewska, P. Broniszewska, P. Pawlowski, T. Szymczak, M. Bodaghi, Z. L. Kowalewski
Summary: Significant strength and ductility variations are observed for AlSi10Mg parts fabricated using laser powder bed fusion at different orientations. The anisotropy in mechanical properties is attributed to the microstructural anisotropy and the defects induced by the additive manufacturing process.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
L. X. Meng, H. J. Yang, S. G. Wang, H. B. Ji, X. H. Shao, Z. J. Zhang, D. C. Ren, X. Zhang, J. B. Yang, X. H. An, Y. T. Pei, J. Th. M. De Hosson, R. Yang, Z. F. Zhang
Summary: In this study, high initial porosity L-PBF Ti6Al4V samples were designed and treated with EAMF, leading to a reduction in porosity, while simultaneously improving strength and ductility. The defect-healing mechanism consisting of multiple stages was revealed, and the competitive relationship between defect-healing and microstructure coarsening was also uncovered.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Rafael de Moura Nobre, Willy Ank de Morais, Matheus Tavares Vasques, Jhoan Guzman, Daniel Luiz Rodrigues Junior, Henrique Rodrigues Oliveira, Railson Bolsoni Falcao, Fernando Jose Gomes Landgraf
Summary: This study investigates the influence of laser power and scanning speed on microstructure and crystallographic texture formation of Nb-48Ti alloy fabricated using laser powder bed fusion process. Higher values of power and scanning speed favor an increase of near-cube-on-face texture and a reduction in Young's modulus.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Shoujin Sun, Duyao Zhang, Suresh Palanisamy, Qianchu Liu, Matthew S. Dargusch
Summary: Martensitic Ti6Al4V samples fabricated through laser powder bed fusion and water quenching of wrought Ti6Al4V samples exhibit differences in microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties, and deformation behaviors. The relationship between yield strength and microstructural features such as lattice strain and thickness of alpha' laths was investigated. Variations in ductility and failure modes were observed among the samples processed by different routes, with the additively manufactured Ti6Al4V showing the highest post-uniform plastic deformation and the water quenched-wrought Ti6Al4V displaying negligible post-uniform plastic deformation. Dynamic changes in grain orientations and slip mechanisms were also observed in the martensitic Ti6Al4V samples processed by various routes.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Keyvan Safaei, Mohammadreza Nematollahi, Parisa Bayati, Fatemeh Kordizadeh, Mohsen Taheri Andani, Hossein Abedi, Behrang Poorganji, Mohammad Elahinia
Summary: There is a growing interest in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for producing complex-shaped parts and tailoring the microstructure and properties. NiTi-based shape memory alloys (SMA) have a poor machinability and require additional treatments. The build orientation approach is used to control the crystallographic texture of LPBF-processed NiTi specimens. The study shows the significant effect of building orientation on the crystallographic texture and discusses the mechanism of this approach. The thermomechanical properties of the printed samples are assessed and correlated to the crystallographic textures.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio, Giovanni Bolelli
Summary: This study evaluates the effects of different heat treatments on the properties of Ti6Al4V-ELI samples and analyzes the microstructure after heat treatment using optical and SEM measurements. Additionally, XRD and microhardness measurements are performed on heat-treated samples after sandblasting.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Takuya Ishimoto, Ryoya Suganuma, Takayoshi Nakano
Summary: The relationship between the laser power and scanning speed with the resulting texture in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is investigated in this study. It is found that decreasing the laser power and increasing the scanning speed enhance the formation of polycrystals. This research provides valuable insights into the effects of LPBF conditions on crystallographic textures.
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
S. L. Lu, Z. J. Zhang, R. Liu, X. H. Zhou, X. G. Wang, B. N. Zhang, X. M. Zhao, J. Eckert, Z. F. Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the effects of post-heat treatments on the mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufactured Ti6Al4V components. It is found that the L-PBF hereditary basket-weave microstructure exhibits superior tensile properties.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Hongxin Li, Yefeng Yu, Yang Li, Feng Lin
Summary: This study investigates the influence of accelerating voltage on the power source and mechanical properties in EB-PBF manufacturing. The results demonstrate that raising the accelerating voltage can improve energy efficiency and offer advantages in the EB-PBF process.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Anna Martin Vilardell, Pavel Krakhmalev, Ina Yadroitsava, Igor Yadroitsev, Natalia Garcia-Giralt
Summary: The study demonstrates that implants containing 3% Cu do not exhibit cytotoxicity to cells, supporting cell proliferation and enhancing mineralization capacity, particularly when 3% Cu is present in as-built samples. Additionally, surface roughness inhibits cell proliferation while promoting cell mineralization capacity.
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
A. M. Vilardell, A. Takezawa, A. du Plessis, N. Takata, P. Krakhmalev, M. Kobashi, M. Albu, G. Kothleitner, I Yadroitsava, I Yadroitsev
Summary: This study reports the first incorporation of copper directly into cellular lattice structures for implant applications through in-situ alloying. The new alloy, combining Ti6Al4V(ELI) and pure Cu powders, produced lattice structures with improved antibacterial properties. Microstructural and mechanical characterizations revealed that in-situ alloying with copper led to enhanced hardness and strength, showing promising potential for direct manufacturing of antibacterial implants.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xiaoqing Ni, Decheng Kong, Yiqi Zhou, Liang Zhang, Wenheng Wu, Cheng Man, Wei Wu, Chaofang Dong
Summary: The effects of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of Ti6Al4V ELI fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) are investigated. Microstructural characterization and electrochemical tests are conducted on pore-free microelectrodes. The as-built LPBF Ti6Al4V ELI exhibits worse corrosion resistance compared to the heat-treated counterparts due to the micro-galvanic potentials between the widmanstatten alpha and beta phases and the formation of a thicker passive film with more titanium oxides.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Shi-Hai Sun, Koji Hagihara, Takuya Ishimoto, Ryoya Suganuma, Yun-Fei Xue, Takayoshi Nakano
Summary: This study examines the variations in microstructure, crystallographic texture, and mechanical properties of specimens fabricated by different powder bed fusion technologies for a model material. While both EB-PBF and L-PBF can achieve cubic crystallographic textures, their formation mechanisms differ. L-PBF-built specimens exhibit better ductility but slightly lower strength compared to EB-PBF-built specimens under similar conditions.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Chiara Paoletti, Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio, Eleonora Santecchia, Marcello Cabibbo, Stefano Spigarelli
Summary: The effects of postprocessing annealing at 225 degrees C for 2 hours on the creep properties of AlSi10Mg alloy were investigated, showing an increase in minimum creep rate for a given stress. The reduction in creep strength was more significant at lower temperatures, with the effect gradually disappearing as temperature increased and/or applied stress decreased. A physically-based model successfully validated the dependence of minimum creep rate on applied stress.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio, Giovanni Bolelli
Summary: In this study, the mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg samples produced by selective laser melting were studied, and it was found that unconventional heat treatments have a certain impact on mechanical strength.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Emanuele Ghio, Emanuela Cerri
Summary: The study compared the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg SLMed samples before and after direct aging, finding differences in tensile strength and yield strength between samples made with different process parameters. The aging phenomena induced an increase in strength on the bottom samples, while the effects induced by the build platform were cancelled after direct aging heat treatment.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio, Giovanni Bolelli
Summary: Laser powder bed fusion is an additive manufacturing process that allows the production of complex geometric samples without the need for tools or molds. However, the presence of defects due to suboptimal process parameters can affect the tensile strength of the manufactured samples. The low density of the AlSi10Mg samples is an important parameter in many applications, as it leads to a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in manufacturing time and costs. This study analyzes the spherical and lack-of-fusion pores induced by the laser powder bed fusion process on the AlSi10Mg samples and their variations after different heat treatments. The study also examines the influence of these pores on Vickers microhardness and tensile properties in samples printed with single- and double-laser machine setup.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Emanuele Ghio, Emanuela Cerri
Summary: This review summarizes the effects of L-PBF technology on the microstructural morphology and mechanical properties of lightweight alloys such as AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V under different heat treatment conditions. Optimization of post-process heat treatment is crucial for achieving excellent mechanical properties, while the manufacturing of high quality and fully dense samples is also essential.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio, Giovanni Bolelli
Summary: This study evaluates the effects of different heat treatments on the properties of Ti6Al4V-ELI samples and analyzes the microstructure after heat treatment using optical and SEM measurements. Additionally, XRD and microhardness measurements are performed on heat-treated samples after sandblasting.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio
Summary: The effects of artificial aging heat treatments on two aluminum alloys were studied. It was found that direct aging heat treatments had similar effects on both alloys, while solubilization followed by artificial aging had different effects.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Emanuela Cerri, Emanuele Ghio
Summary: AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg alloys are commonly used in Laser Powder Bed Fusion to manufacture lightweight components. Direct aging and T6 heat treatments were applied to improve their ductility. The crack propagation and elongation values were affected by laser scan track boundaries in both as-built and direct aged samples. T6 treatment resulted in crack nucleation due to defects and intermetallic particles, with the laser scan track boundaries redirecting crack propagation.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Emanuele Ghio, Emanuela Cerri, Martina Riccio, Jacopo Sisti
Summary: Metal Additive Manufacturing technology is an innovative method that offers flexibility in sample design and optimized mechanical properties. This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of heat-treated Ti6Al4V-ELI samples manufactured via Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Comparative analysis is also conducted on Ti6Al4V Extra Low Interstitial samples produced by different manufacturing methods. The results show that the samples produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion exhibit good mechanical properties. The mechanical properties are influenced by the homogeneity, fineness, and size distribution of the beta-phase at the alpha grain boundaries.
METALLURGIA ITALIANA
(2022)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
E. Cerri, E. Ghio
METALLURGIA ITALIANA
(2020)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
E. Cerri, M. T. Di Giovanni, E. Ghio
METALLURGIA ITALIANA
(2020)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Ahmad Mirzaei, Peter D. Hodgson, Xiang Ma, Vanessa K. Peterson, Ehsan Farabi, Gregory S. Rohrer, Hossein Beladi
Summary: This study investigated the influence of parent austenite grain refinement on the intervariant boundary network in a lath martensitic steel. It found that refining the parent austenite grain led to a decrease in the fraction of certain boundaries in the martensite and an increase in the connectivity of low energy boundaries, ultimately improving the impact toughness.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
N. L. Church, C. E. P. Talbot, L. D. Connor, S. Michalik, N. G. Jones
Summary: Metastable beta Ti alloys based on the Ti-Nb system have attracted attention due to their unique properties. However, the unstable cyclic behavior of these alloys has hindered their widespread industrial use. Recent studies have shown that internal stresses, including those from dislocations, may be responsible for this behavior. This study demonstrates that inter-cycle thermal treatments can mitigate the unstable cyclic behavior, providing a significant breakthrough in our understanding of Ti-Nb superelastic materials.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Di Zhao, Chenchen Zhao, Ziyang Xiu, Jiuchun Yan
Summary: This study proposes a novel strategy for achieving the bonding of SiC ceramic and Al alloy using ultrasound. The ultrasound promotes the dissolution of Al into the solder, activating the solder and triggering the interfacial reaction between SiC ceramic and solder. With increasing ultrasonic duration, the bonding between SiC and Al transitions from partial to full metallurgical bonding.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Kang Du, Yang Zhang, Guangda Zhao, Tao Huang, Liyuan Liu, Junpeng Li, Xiyu Wang, Zhongwu Zhang
Summary: This paper systematically investigated the evolution of microstructure in Fe-Ni-Co-Al polycrystalline alloys and its effects on mechanical properties. The results revealed that the migration of grain boundaries in different processes is driven by different factors, which impacts the grain orientation and precipitate formation. In the process of directional recrystallization, grains with specific orientations grow in the grain boundary region and form the dominant orientation, while grains with lower migration rate form the minor orientation. The alloy produced through directional recrystallization exhibited good recoverable strain and superelastic strain, while the alloy produced through solid solution treatment showed no evident superelastic behavior.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Edohamen Awannegbe, Liang Chen, Yue Zhao, Zhijun Qiu, Huijun Li
Summary: This study employed laser metal deposition to additively manufacture Ti-15Mo wt% alloy, and subsequently subjected it to post-fabrication uniaxial thermomechanical processing. The results showed that different zones in the microstructure remained after processing, and deformation mechanisms mainly involved slip and martensite formation. The compressive mechanical properties were found to be dependent on strain rate, with higher flow stress and compressive strength observed at higher strain rates. Grain structure homogenisation was not achieved, leading to anisotropic tensile properties.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Reza Khatib Zadeh Davani, Enyinnaya George Ohaeri, Sandeep Yadav, Jerzy A. Szpunar, Jing Su, Michael Gaudet, Muhammad Rashid, Muhammad Arafin
Summary: This research aims to investigate the effect of roughing and finishing reductions on crystallographic texture. The results show significant heterogeneity in the centerline region, with higher intensity of certain textures. Drop Weight Tear Test indicates that steel specimens with lower and medium reductions exhibit superior low-temperature impact toughness compared to steel with higher reductions. The electrochemical hydrogen charging experiments confirm the presence of internal hydrogen cracks only in steel with lower and medium reductions.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Flavio De Barbieri, Denis Jorge-Badiola, Rodrigo Allende, Karem Tello, Alfredo Artigas, Franco Perazzo, Henry Jami, Juan Perez Ipina
Summary: This study examines the effect of Cr additions on the mechanical behavior of TWIP steel at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 350°C. The results indicate that different temperature-dependent strengthening mechanisms, including mechanical twinning, Dynamic Strain Aging, and slip bands, are at play. The stacking fault energy (SFE) influences the percentage of mechanical twinning, which in turn affects the strain hardening rate.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Hanlin Peng, Siming Huang, Ling Hu, Bingbing Luo, Liejun Li, Ian Baker
Summary: This study explores the weldability, microstructures, and mechanical properties of two L1(2)-nanoparticle-strengthened medium-entropy alloys after electron beam welding (EBW). The results show that strong yet ductile defect-free joints were produced, with larger grain sizes in the fusion zones compared to the heat-affected zones and base materials. Both EBWed MEAs exhibited high yield strengths, high ultimate tensile strengths, and good fracture strains at 77 K. The V-doping improved the cryogenic mechanical properties of the TMT MEA.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yongxin Wang, Lei Chen, Lizi Shao, Shuo Hao, Motomichi Koyama, Xingzhou Cai, Xiaocong Ma, Miao Jin
Summary: This study investigated the tensile deformation behavior of an Mn-N bearing lean duplex stainless steel with metastable austenite. The results showed that the strain rate had significant influence on the work hardening, strain-induced martensitic transformation, and fracture mechanism.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Jong Woo Won, Seulbi Lee, Hye-Jeong Choe, Yong-Taek Hyun, Dong Won Lee, Jeong Hun Lee
Summary: Cold-rolled pure titanium showed improved sheet formability after undergoing cryogenic-deformation treatment. This treatment increased the thinning capability of the titanium and suppressed cracking during sheet forming. The formation of twins during deformation contributed to high thinning capability and increased strength through grain refinement and dislocation accumulation.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Handong Li, Lin Su, Lijuan Wang, Yanbin Jiang, Jiahui Long, Gaoyong Lin, Zhu Xiao, Yanlin Jia, Zhou Li
Summary: Homogenization heat treatment is a key procedure in controlling the second phase, enhancing composition uniformity, and workability of as-cast Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy. This study found that electropulsing treatment (EPT) can significantly reduce treatment temperature and time, improve elongation and overall mechanical properties of the alloy.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yuxuan Wang, Juntao Zou, Lixing Sun, Yunfei Bai, Zhe Zhang, Junsheng Cheng, Lin Shi, Dazhuo Song, Yihui Jiang, Zhiwei Zhang
Summary: A novel mechanical-heat-electricity synergistic method was proposed to enhance the mechanical properties of Cu-15Sn-0.3Ti alloy by forming annealing twins (ATs). The combination method of Rotary swaging (RS) and Electric pulse treatment (EPT) successfully induced recrystallization and refinement of the microstructure, leading to a significant increase in the strength of the alloy within a short time.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Zhiyi Ding, Jiangtao Xie, Tong Wang, Aiying Chen, Bin Gan, Jinchao Song
Summary: This study demonstrated the Ta-induced strengthening of CoCrNi-AlTi MEAs using nanoscale heterogeneous coherent precipitates. The addition of Ta and aging treatments significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the alloy, including yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Z. Y. You, Z. Y. Tang, B. Wang, H. W. Zhang, P. Li, L. Zhao, F. B. Chu, H. Ding
Summary: The mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of C-doped TRIP-assisted HEA under dynamic loading conditions were systematically investigated in this study. The results showed that dynamic tensile deformation led to an increase in yield strength and a decrease in ultimate tensile strength, with a trend towards increased total elongation. The primary deformation mechanisms shifted from TRIP and TWIP effects to deformation twinning and dislocations. The presence of carbides formed through C-doping hindered dislocation slip and promoted the activation of multiple twinning systems.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Feng Qin, Feihu Chen, Junhua Hou, Wenjun Lu, Shaohua Chen, Jianjun Li
Summary: Plastic instability in strong multilayered composites is completely suppressed by architecting nanoscale BCC Nb crystalline-amorphous CuNb interfaces.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2024)