Sensitive and selective electrochemical determination of uric acid in urine based on ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles decorated urchin-like nitrogen-doped carbon

Hypercrosslinked pyrrole was synthesized via the Friedel-Crafts reaction and then carbonized to obtain urchin-like nitrogen-doped carbon (UNC). Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles were then supported on UNC, and the composite was used to prepare an electrochemical sensor for detecting uric acid (UA) in human urine. FexOy/UNC was characterized and analyzed via scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with FexOy/UNC was used as an electrochemical sensor to effectively identify UA. The elec-trochemical behavior of the FexOy/UNC-based UA sensor was studied using differential pulse stripping vol-tammetry, and the optimal conditions were determined by changing the amount of FexOy/UNC, pH of the buffer solution, deposition potential, and deposition time. Under optimal conditions, the FexOy/UNC-based electro-chemical sensor detected UA in the range of 2-200 mu M, where the limit of detection (LOD) for UA was 0.29 mu M. Anti-interference experiments were performed, and the sensor was applied to the actual analysis of human urine samples. Urea, glucose, ascorbic acid, and many cations and anions present at 100-fold concentrations relative to UA did not strongly interfere with the response of the sensor to UA. The FexOy/UNC electrochemical sensor has high sensitivity and selectivity for uric acid in human urine samples and can be used for actual clinical testing of UA in urine.

Automated summary

In this study, hypercrosslinked pyrrole was synthesized via the Friedel-Crafts reaction and then carbonized to obtain UNC material. Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles were supported on UNC and used to prepare an electrochemical sensor for detecting uric acid in urine. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity and can be used for actual clinical testing of uric acid in urine.